关键和新兴技术指数2025（英）

Critical and Emerging Technologies Index JUNE 20252Critical and Emerging Technologies IndexAbout the Defense, Emerging Technology, and Strategy ProgramThe Defense, Emerging Technology, and Strategy (DETS) Program advances knowledge at the nexus of security and technology while preparing students and fellows to be public service leaders. For more, visit belfercenter.org/programs/defense-emerging-technology-and-strategy.About the AuthorsEric Rosenbach is a Senior Lecturer at the Harvard Kennedy School and is the Director of the Defense, Emerging Technology, and Strategy Program at the Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs. He served as the Chief of Staff of the U.S. Department of Defense from 2015 to 2017 and as U.S. Assistant Secretary of Defense for Homeland Defense and Global Security from 2014 to 2015.Lea Baltussen is a Master in Public Policy graduate and McCloy Fellow at the Harvard Kennedy School. She was previously a senior consultant working on defence and energy in Germany. She holds a B.A. in Philosophy, Politics and Economics from the University of Oxford and an MPhil in Economics from the University of Cambridge.Eleanor Crane is an Assistant Professor of Quantum Computing at King’s College London and a Visiting Fellow at the Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs at the Harvard Kennedy School. She was a postdoctoral fellow at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, holds a Ph.D. from University College London, and an M.Sc. from ECE Paris.Ethan Kessler is a Master in Public Policy graduate and a Belfer Young Leader Student Fellow. He previ-ously worked as a research associate at the Chicago Council on Global Affairs and interned at U.S. Indo-Pacific Command. He graduated from the University of Michigan in 2020.Lukasz Kolodziej is a Master in Public Administration graduate, Fulbright Scholar and John F. Kennedy Fellow at the Harvard Kennedy School. Previously, he worked at the European Court of Auditors, Bitpanda, and as a research assistant to Professor Jonothan Neelands. He earned both his B.Sc. in PPE and M.Sc. in Business Analytics from the University of Warwick. Ethan Lee is a Research Assistant at the Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs. Previously, he was an Assistant Editor and David M. Rubenstein Editorial Fellow at Foreign Affairs. He graduated with a B.A. in Political Science and honors in International Security Studies from Stanford University in 2023.Alexandre Meyer is a 2024 graduate of Harvard University, where he was an Arthur Sachs Fellow and a Dias Fellow. Prior to Harvard, he earned an MSc. from École Polytechnique (France) and gained experience both in the tech/AI industry and in the public sector.Cynthia Y. Tong is a 2025 Master in Public Policy graduate. She was the co-chair of Moonshot, a stu-dent-run professional interest club on space issues and policy. Prior to the Kennedy School, she spent four years working in the U.S. Senate as the Deputy Scheduler and Assistant