世界银行-蓝色黑海：扭转污染浪潮：区域海洋污染诊断（英）

BLUEING THE BLACK SEA: Turning the Tide of Pollution June 2025Regional Marine Pollution Diagnostics Public Disclosure AuthorizedPublic Disclosure AuthorizedPublic Disclosure AuthorizedPublic Disclosure Authorized© 2025 International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank 1818 H Street NWWashington DC 20433 Telephone: 202-473-1000; Internet: www.worldbank.org This work is a product of the staff of the World Bank Group. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this work do not necessarily reflect the views of The World Bank, its Board of Executive Directors, or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy, completeness, or currency of the data included in this work and does not assume responsibility for any errors, omissions, or discrepancies in the information, or liability with respect to the use of or failure to use the information, methods, processes, or conclusions set forth. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgment on the part of The World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries.Nothing herein shall constitute or be construed or considered to be a limitation upon or waiver of the privileges and immunities of The World Bank, all of which are specifically reserved. References in this report to the European Union legislation, namely the Water Frame-work directive (WFD) and the Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD) shall not be interpreted as imposing any legally binding obligations and operating principles for managing the marine environment on non-EU member states. The directives’ metrics are referenced solely as benchmarks to discuss good environmental status of marine waters and protection of resources upon which marine-related economic and social activities of the Black Sea countries depend. Rights and Permissions The material in this work is subject to copyright. Because The World Bank encourages dissemination of its knowledge, this work may be reproduced, in whole or in part, for non-commercial purposes as long as full attribution to this work is given. Please cite the work as follows: “World Bank. 2025. Blueing the Black Sea: Turning the Tide of Pollution: Regional Marine Pollution Diagnostics. © World Bank.”All queries on rights and licenses, including subsidiary rights, should be addressed to World Bank Publications, The World Bank Group, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433, USA; fax: 202-522-2625; e-mail: pubrights@worldbank.org. Photos: © Eolina Milova, The World BankBLUEING THE BLACK SEA: Turning the Tide of Pollution Regional Marine Pollution DiagnosticsJune 2025iiiTable of ContentsAcknowledgments viiAbstract viiiAbbreviations and Acronyms ixBrief Summary xiExecutive Summary 1Chapter 1. Introduction 131.1. What is This Report About? 151.2. Scope and Methodology 171.3. The Black Sea’s Common Economic Space 18Chapter