谁的教育愿景？课外辅导的多元视角、政策与实践

Whose visions for what learning?Perspectives, policies and practices in private supplementary tutoringThe Global Education 2030 AgendaUNESCO, as the United Nations’ specialized agency for education, is entrusted to lead and coordinate the Education 2030 Agenda, which is part of a global movement to eradicate poverty through 17 Sustainable Development Goals by 2030. Education, essential to achieve all of these goals, has its own dedicated Goal 4, which aims to “ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all.” The Education 2030 Framework for Action provides guidance for the implementation of this ambitious goal and commitments. UNESCO – a global leader in educationEducation is UNESCO’s top priority because it is a basic human right and the foundation for peace and sustainable development. UNESCO is the United Nations’ specialized agency for education, providing global and regional leadership to drive progress, strengthening the resilience and capacity of national systems to serve all learners. UNESCO also leads eforts to respond to contemporary global challenges through transformative learning, with special focus on gender equality and Africa across all actions.Published in 2025 by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization 7, place de Fontenoy, 75352 Paris 07 SP, France© UNESCO 2025 ISBN 978-92-3-100772-9 DOI https://doi.org/10.54675/XTAZ4435This publication is available in Open Access under the Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 IGO (CC-BY-SA 3.0 IGO) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/igo/ ). By using the content of this publication, the users accept to be bound by the terms of use of the UNESCO Open Access Repository (https://www.unesco.org/en/open-access/cc-sa).Images marked with an asterisk (*) do not fall under the CC-BY-SA license and may not be used or reproduced without the prior permission of the copyright holders. The designations employed and the presentation of material throughout this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of UNESCO concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.The ideas and opinions expressed in this publication are those of the authors. They are not necessarily those of UNESCO and do not commit the Organization. Author: Mark Bray Cover credit: fizkes/Shutterstock.com* Designed by UNESCOS H O R T S U M M A R Y Private supplementary tutoring needs more attention.Private supplementary tutoring has become a global phenomenon, with significant uptake across a wide range of countries. In Egypt, Greece, Mauritius and Myanmar, for example, over 70% of students engage in private tutoring alongside their regular schooling. While enrolment rates are especially high in senior grades, tutoring is also widespread in junior grades and spans all income groups. This tutoring is provided by priv