世界银行-领土不等式：关于国家不连续性的注记（英）-2025.6

Policy Research Working Paper11139Territorial InequalitiesA Note on State DiscontinuityLidia CerianiLuis F. Lopez-CalvaSamuel D. Restrepo-Oyola Poverty and Equity Global DepartmentJune 2025 A verified reproducibility package for this paper is available at http://reproducibility.worldbank.org, click here for direct access. Public Disclosure AuthorizedPublic Disclosure AuthorizedPublic Disclosure AuthorizedPublic Disclosure AuthorizedProduced by the Research Support TeamAbstractThe Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues. An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly, even if the presentations are less than fully polished. The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors. They do not necessarily represent the views of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/World Bank and its affiliated organizations, or those of the Executive Directors of the World Bank or the governments they represent.Policy Research Working Paper 11139When the state does not reach with the same effectiveness everybody and everywhere, it creates pockets of exclusions and hampers the opportunities of individuals belonging to the excluded groups to participate fully economically, socially, and politically. This paper develops an index to measure state discontinuity, defined as the uneven presence and responsiveness of the state across the territory. Differ-ent layers of capacity, service provision, and responsiveness determine the density of state presence. By examining the discontinuity of the state in 32 developing countries using extensive data sets from the International Integrated Public Use Microdata Series International and the Armed Con-flict Location and Event Data Project, the paper explores the underlying drivers of this discontinuity and identifies potential policy intervention points.This paper is a product of the Poverty and Equity Global Department. It is part of a larger effort by the World Bank to provide open access to its research and make a contribution to development policy discussions around the world. Policy Research Working Papers are also posted on the Web at http://www.worldbank.org/prwp. The authors may be contacted at lflopezcalva@worldbank.org; srestrepooyola@worldbank.org; and lidia.ceriani@unibo.it. A verified reproducibility package for this paper is available at http://reproducibility.worldbank.org, click here for direct access. POLICY RESEARCH WORKING PAPERSTRANSPARENTANALYSISTerritorial Inequalities: A Note on State DiscontinuityLidia Ceriani,* Luis F. Lopez-Calva,† and Samuel D. Restrepo-Oyola‡ Keywords: Social Contract, State Effectiveness, State Density, Inequality Indices. JEL Codes: D31, D63, I30. * Corresponding author. University of Bologna, Department of Politi