兰德-硬件驱动治理机制研讨会的见解（英）

GABRIEL KULP, MARGARET SIU, LENNART HEIMInsights from a Workshop on Hardware-Enabled Governance MechanismsConference ProceedingsFor more information on this publication, visit www.rand.org/t/CFA3056-1.About RANDRAND is a research organization that develops solutions to public policy challenges to help make communities throughout the world safer and more secure, healthier and more prosperous. RAND is nonprofit, nonpartisan, and committed to the public interest. To learn more about RAND, visit www.rand.org.Research IntegrityOur mission to help improve policy and decisionmaking through research and analysis is enabled through our core values of quality and objectivity and our unwavering commitment to the highest level of integrity and ethical behavior. To help ensure our research and analysis are rigorous, objective, and nonpartisan, we subject our research publications to a robust and exacting quality-assurance process; avoid both the appearance and reality of financial and other conflicts of interest through staff training, project screening, and a policy of mandatory disclosure; and pursue transparency in our research engagements through our commitment to the open publication of our research findings and recommendations, disclosure of the source of funding of published research, and policies to ensure intellectual independence. For more information, visit www.rand.org/about/research-integrity.RAND’s publications do not necessarily reflect the opinions of its research clients and sponsors.Published by the RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, Calif.© 2025 RAND Corporation is a registered trademark.Cover: Jeffery/Adobe Stock. Limited Print and Electronic Distribution RightsThis publication and trademark(s) contained herein are protected by law. This representation of RAND intellectual property is provided for noncommercial use only. Unauthorized posting of this publication online is prohibited; linking directly to its webpage on rand.org is encouraged. Permission is required from RAND to reproduce, or reuse in another form, any of its research products for commercial purposes. For information on reprint and reuse permissions, visit www.rand.org/about/publishing/permissions.CF-A3056-1 iii About These Conference Proceedings The expanding capabilities of artificial intelligence (AI) and its associated risks continue to grow with increased computational power, highlighting the potential need for secure methods to ensure responsible end use of these resources (Heim and Koessler, 2024). In addressing these possible risks, the Bureau of Industry and Security (BIS) enacted export restrictions on high-performance AI hardware in 2022 (Industry and Security Bureau, 2022). The following year, BIS updated these restrictions and added a call for public comment on technical means to achieve end-use restrictions on AI hardware that would potentially allow their export. BIS is interested in limiting the end use of AI hardware with the purpose of excluding large-scale AI