巴德学院利维经济研究所-改善物质和社会基础设施的宏观经济和微观经济影响（英）

Macroeconomic and Microeconomic Impacts of Improving Physical and Social Infrastructure: A Macro-Micro Policy Model for Ghana and TanzaniaAjit Zacharias, Thomas Masterson, Fernando Rios-Avilla, Michalis Nikiforos, Kijong Kim, and Tamar KhitarishviliSeptember 2019Final Project Report Understanding the interlocking of income and time deficits for men and women in Ghana and Tanzania: Revisiting poverty measurement, rethinking policy responses1 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We are grateful to the William and Flora Hewlett Foundation for their generous financial support for this project. We appreciate the contributions made by our outstanding country experts to the study: Bernice Serwah Ofosu-Badu of Ghana Statistical Service, Ahmed Makbel, Ministry of East African Cooperation, Tanzania and Said Aboud (formerly with National Bureau of Statistics, Tanzania). We are grateful for the comments and suggestions from the participants at the workshop “Macroeconomic and Microeconomic Aspects of Policy Interventions to Reduce the Burden of Unpaid Activities” held in Accra, May 7, 2019. James Thurlow helped us generously with the Social Accounting Matrices used in the study and we are grateful for his help. We also wish to thank Elizabeth Dunn for her editing assistance. 2 Contents LIST OF TABLES .......................................................................................................................... 5 LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................................ 7 1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................ 12 2 POLICY INTERVENTIONS ............................................................................................... 18 2.1 Ghana .................................................................................................................. 19 2.1.1  Physical Infrastructure: Public Road Network .............................................. 19 2.1.2  Early Childhood Education ........................................................................... 31 2.2 Tanzania .............................................................................................................. 37 2.2.1  Physical Infrastructure: Public Road Network .............................................. 37 2.2.2  Early Childhood Education ........................................................................... 42 3 MACROECONOMIC IMPACTS ........................................................................................ 50 3.1 Social Accounting Matrices (SAMs) .................................................................. 50 3.2 Capitalist and Own-Account Sectors .................................................................. 51 3.3 Inclusion of an ECE Sector ................................................................................. 55 3.3.1  Ghana ..........................................