年鉴2021：全球军备、裁军和国际安全的现状（英文）

Armaments, Disarmament and International SecuritySIPRIYEARBOOK2021Summary© SIPRI 2021www.sipriyearbook.orgSTOCKHOLM INTERNATIONAL PEACE RESEARCH INSTITUTESIPRI is an independent international institute dedicated to research into conflict, armaments, arms control and disarmament. Established in 1966, SIPRI provides data, analysis and recommendations, based on open sources, to policymakers, researchers, media and the interested public. THE SIPRI YEARBOOKSIPRI Yearbook 2021 presents a combination of original data in areas such as world military expenditure, international arms transfers, arms production, nuclear forces, armed conflicts and multilateral peace operations with state-of-the-art analysis of important aspects of arms control, peace and international security.This booklet summarizes the contents of SIPRI Yearbook 2021 and provides samples of the data and analysis that it contains.CONTENTS1. Introduction: International stability and human security in 2020 1Part I. Armed conflict and conflict management, 20202. Global developments in armed conflict, peace processes and peace operations 23. Armed conflict and peace processes in the Americas 44. Armed conflict and peace processes in Asia and Oceania 55. Armed conflict and peace processes in Europe 66. Armed conflict and peace processes in the Middle East and North Africa 87. Armed conflict and peace processes in sub-Saharan Africa 10Part II. Military spending and armaments, 20208. Military expenditure 129. International arms transfers and developments in arms production 1410. World nuclear forces 16Part III. Non-proliferation, arms control and disarmament, 202011. Nuclear disarmament, arms control and non-proliferation 1812. Chemical and biological security threats 2013. Conventional arms control and regulation of new weapon technologies 2214. Dual-use and arms trade controls 24Annexes 26Maps, pp. 6, 9, 10. Credit: Hugo Ahlenius, Norpil.introduction 11. INTRODUCTION: INTERNATIONAL STABILITY AND HUMAN SECURITY IN 2020dan smithFollowing a sharp deterioration in global stability and security during the last decade, the balance sheet largely remained unchanged in 2020. In a year dominated by the Covid-19 pandemic, that conclusion might seem overly optimistic. However, it is supported by the evidence in the 52nd edition of the SIPRI Yearbook.The broad trends indicate a mixed picture: global military spending continued to rise, but the volume of international arms transfers remained roughly stable; nuclear arms control continued to stagnate and the United States withdrew from the 1992 Treaty on Open Skies, but the Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons received sufficient support to enter into force in January 2021; the number of armed conflicts increased again, but the global total of fatalities in war fell significantly; and, although geopolitics remained toxic, a balance was largely maintained between potential escalation and restraint in most geopolitical hotspots. Climate chan