自主武器系统与国际人道主义法：确定人机交互的限制和要求的类型和程度（英文）

AUTONOMOUS WEAPON SYSTEMS AND INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN LAWIdentifying Limits and the Required Type and Degree of Human–Machine Interactionvincent boulanin, laura bruun and netta goussacSTOCKHOLM INTERNATIONAL PEACE RESEARCH INSTITUTESIPRI is an independent international institute dedicated to research into conflict, armaments, arms control and disarmament. Established in 1966, SIPRI provides data, analysis and recommendations, based on open sources, to policymakers, researchers, media and the interested public.The Governing Board is not responsible for the views expressed in the publications of the Institute.GOVERNING BOARD Ambassador Jan Eliasson, Chair (Sweden) Dr Vladimir Baranovsky (Russia) Ambassador Chan Heng Chee (Singapore) Espen Barth Eide (Norway) Jean-Marie Guéhenno (France) Dr Radha Kumar (India) Ambassador Ramtane Lamamra (Algeria) Dr Patricia Lewis (Ireland/United Kingdom) Dr Jessica Tuchman Mathews (United States)Dr Feodor Voitolovsky (Russia)DIRECTORDan Smith (United Kingdom)AUTONOMOUS WEAPON SYSTEMS AND INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN LAWIdentifying Limits and the Required Type and Degree of Human–Machine Interactionvincent boulanin, laura bruun and netta goussacJune 2021ContentsPreface vAcknowledgements viiAbbreviations viiiExecutive Summary iv1. Introduction 1I. Human–machine interaction and IHL: An analytical framework 2II. Identifying the key legal questions for the development of the 3 normative and operational framework Box 1.1. A working definition of autonomous weapon systems 22. An overview of the limits on autonomous weapon systems 5 under international humanitarian law I. Rules on weapons, means and methods of warfare 5II. Rules requiring legal reviews and advice 9III. Frameworks for state responsibility and individual criminal responsibility 10IV. Conclusion: The development and use of AWS is not unlimited 12Box 2.1. Existing weapon prohibitions 83. Key issues concerning the rules on weapons, means and 14 methods of warfare I. The personal dimension: Who is responsible for respecting 14 IHL provisions and in relation to whom? II. The material dimension: What is the nature and content of 18 key IHL provisions? III. The temporal dimension: At what points in time should IHL 22 provisions be respected? IV. The geographical dimension: In relation to what locations 25 must users respect IHL provisions? V. Conclusion: Human–machine interaction in the conduct of hostilities 274. Key issues concerning legal reviews and legal advice 28I. Legal reviews of new weapons, means and methods of warfare 28II. Legal advice 35III. Conclusion: Legal assessments of AWS 395. Key issues concerning frameworks for state responsibility 40 and individual criminal responsibility I. State responsibility 41II. Individual criminal responsibility 45III. Conclusion: Retaining human responsibility 506. Key findings and recommendations 51I. Key findings 51II. Recommendations 53Appendix A. List of key legal questions 55Preface