世界银行-钢铁行业：能源效率和脱碳（EE-D）机会（英）

KNOWLEDGE NOTESSTEEL SECTOR ENERGY EFFICIENCY AND DECARBONIZATION (EE&D) OPPORTUNITIESPakistan Sustainable Energy Series Public Disclosure AuthorizedPublic Disclosure AuthorizedPublic Disclosure AuthorizedPublic Disclosure AuthorizedD Steel Sector — Energy Efficiency and Decarbonization OpportunitiesThe steel industry in Pakistan includes both large firms in the organized sector and smaller manufacturers operating in the informal economy, however the largest 20 companies cater to 80  percent of local steel demand.i Contributing an estimated 2 percent to the country’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP), steel manufacturing directly employs 200,000 people.ii Overall steel production in the country was around 8.4 million tonnes for the FY24.iii Steel is an energy‑intensive industry with nearly 2.9 gigajoules of energy required to produce one tonne of steel. Grid‑supplied electricity is the major energy source in steel manufacturing comprising over 80 percent of the overall energy consumption of an average integrated plant. Primary energy supply to the steel sector accounts for 6 percent of the overall national energy consumption; Steel plants consume 6.4 percent of all industrial electricity, 3.7 percent of fuel‑oil and 9.3 percent of natural gas.iv Both on‑site fuel consumption and grid electricity contribute to sector emissions. According to Pakistan’s latest greenhouse gas (GHG) inventory, steel plants emit almost 1.9 million tonnes of carbon dioxide (CO2) —equivalent per year or 2 percent of overall industrial emissions.v This note describes decarbonization interventions to improve energy efficiency and reduce emissions in the steel sector while increasing industrial competitiveness and providing wider economic and environmental benefits.The current state of energy efficiency and decarbonization in Pakistan’s steel sectorAll steel manufactured in the country is produced from scrap metal in an electric induction furnace (EIF). The furnace technology predominant in Pakistan is the most efficient of the two technologies options applicable to steel production from scrap. As the EIF process only uses electricity for scrap melting while in the electric arc furnace (EAF) process uses both electrical and chemical energy, the specific energy consumption of the local scrap‑based EIF plants is around 2.90 GJ per tonne; this is much lower than the average specific energy consumption for the EAF technology (4.29 GJ/tonne of steel).1 In addition to the adoption of the scrap‑based EIF, local manufacturers have implemented other efficiency measures such as continuous casting, direct hot rolling, and systems for collecting fumes and dust. Since the scrap‑EIF route is the most energy‑efficient and cleaner secondary steel production method, the emissions intensity of steel production in Pakistan (0.29 tons of carbon dioxide per tonne of product or t‑CO2/t‑steel) is considerably lower than the global benchmark of 2.5 t‑CO2/t‑steel.1 Primary data provided by 5 steel units