世界银行-水泥行业：能源效率和脱碳（EE-D）机会（英）

KNOWLEDGE NOTESCEMENT SECTOR ENERGY EFFICIENCY AND DECARBONIZATION (EE&D) OPPORTUNITIESPakistan Sustainable Energy SeriesPublic Disclosure AuthorizedPublic Disclosure AuthorizedPublic Disclosure AuthorizedPublic Disclosure AuthorizedB Cement Sector — Energy Efficiency and Decarbonization OpportunitiesCement is an important large‑scale manufacturing industry that contributes nearly 1 percent to Pakistan’s gross domestic product (GDP) annually and accounts for an estimated 25  percent of all industrial primary energy consumption.i Energy contributes 60 percent to the total cost of cement production, and cement manufacturing in Pakistan relies on coal as the primary source of energy.ii More broadly, cement manufacturing accounts for between 65 to 70 percent of industrial coal consumption and at least 49 percent of the country’s coal emissions.iii Pakistan’s cement sector has 16 operational companies with 27 operational plants across the country. Ten companies operate in the north of the country, three in the south, and three have production plants in both the south and north. The cumulative production capacity was 77 million tons for fiscal year (FY)23. The subsector directly employs approximately 0.1 million people. The plants produce Ordinary Portland Cement, which is the main cement used in Pakistan. At 3.9 GJ/tonne of clinker the average energy intensity of cement plants in Pakistan is close to the global average.1 According to the country’s latest greenhouse gas (GHG) inventory, the process emissions from the cement subsector accounted for 75 percent of total industrial process emissions in 2018.iv This note describes decarbonization interventions to improve energy efficiency and reduce emissions in the cement sector while increasing industrial competitiveness and providing wider economic and environmental benefits. The current state of energy efficiency and decarbonization in Pakistan’s cement sectorCement manufacture consists of multiple energy‑intensive processes including mining, crushing, raw meal grinding, kiln rotation, clinker cooling, and packaging. Although the cost of coal makes up the largest share of direct costs associated with cement production, a substantial amount of electricity is also used in various value‑chain processes. At 90.4 kilowatt hours per tonne (kWh/t), the average electricity intensity of local cement production is lower than the global average of 100 kWh/t. In contrast, the average specific carbon emissions (both energy and process emissions) for local cement plants are 0.79 tonnes of carbon dioxide (CO2) per tonne of the product, which is higher than the global average of 0.6 tons of CO2 per tonne of product. Reducing the quantity of clinker in cement by adding other additives like fly ash and blast furnace slag can abate process emissions from the cement subsector; The clinker‑to‑cement ratio in Pakistan is 0.95 while the global average was 0.72 1 Average value for Pakistan based on an assessment of three cemen