世界银行-性别障碍、结构转型与经济发展（英）

Policy Research Working Paper11083Gender Barriers, Structural Transformation, and Economic DevelopmentGaurav Chiplunkar Tatjana Kleineberg Development Economics Development Research GroupMarch 2025 Public Disclosure AuthorizedPublic Disclosure AuthorizedPublic Disclosure AuthorizedPublic Disclosure AuthorizedProduced by the Research Support TeamAbstractThe Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues. An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly, even if the presentations are less than fully polished. The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors. They do not necessarily represent the views of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/World Bank and its affiliated organizations, or those of the Executive Directors of the World Bank or the governments they represent.Policy Research Working Paper 11083The representation and significance of women in the labor force have grown significantly over the past five decades around the globe. Using nationally representative data from more than 90 countries, this paper documents dis-tinct gender patterns in employment transitions across both sectors and occupations during this period. Using a model of occupational and sectoral choice and focusing on six major economies, the paper finds that declining gender barriers—defined as gender-specific distortions in employ-ment and wages—were a key driver of the observed rise in female labor force participation, expansion of the service sector, and increases in real GDP per capita from 1970 to 2018, but with substantial variation across countries.This paper is a product of the Development Research Group, Development Economics. It is part of a larger effort by the World Bank to provide open access to its research and make a contribution to development policy discussions around the world. Policy Research Working Papers are also posted on the Web at http://www.worldbank.org/prwp. The authors may be contacted attkleineberg@worldbank.org. Gender Barriers, Structural Transformation,and Economic Development∗Gaurav ChiplunkarUniversity of VirginiaTatjana KleinebergWorld BankKeywords: Economic Growth, Structural Transformation, Gender, Misallocation∗We thank Claudia Olivetti for a very insightful discussion, as well as Julieta Caunedo, Cheryl Doss,Kevin Donovan, Doug Gollin, Charles Gottlieb, Michael Peters, Barbara Petrongolo, Markus Poschke,Tommaso Porzio, Todd Schoellman, and participants in conferences and seminars at the AmericanUniversity, Boston University, Columbia University, Cornell University, CREI, Dartmouth University,Northwestern University, the Richmond Federal Reserve, University of Virginia, the World Bank, theASSA in San Antonio, the CEPR STEG Annual Workshop, the EFEG session of the NBER SummerIns