世界经济论坛-贸易与价值观:探索政策与原则的交汇点(英)
Trade and Values: Navigating the Intersection of Policy and PrinciplesW H I T E P A P E RN O V E M B E R 2 0 2 4Images: Getty ImagesDisclaimer This document is published by the World Economic Forum as a contribution to a project, insight area or interaction. The findings, interpretations and conclusions expressed herein are a result of a collaborative process facilitated and endorsed by the World Economic Forum but whose results do not necessarily represent the views of the World Economic Forum, nor the entirety of its Members, Partners or other stakeholders.© 2024 World Economic Forum. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, including photocopying and recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system.ContentsExecutive summary 3Introduction 41 How are governments infusing values into trade? 62 The challenge for business 83 An important shift 104 Challenges ahead 115 Navigating the path forward 13Conclusion: Striking a difficult balance 15Contributors 16Endnotes 17Trade and Values: Navigating the Intersection of Policy and Principles2Executive summaryTraditionally focused on economic efficiencies like optimized production and profitability, trade has nevertheless also long been understood to harbour broader objectives, which even a casual reader of the preamble of almost any trade agreement can easily appreciate. However, more recently, there has been a growing tendency for many countries to begin using trade policy and market access, in particular, to pursue a broader range of non-trade objectives (NTOs). This shift reflects both genuinely held progressive beliefs and more narrowly strategic motives. It is also driven in part by the need for trade policy to be responsive to the negative effects that unbridled trade liberalization is perceived by many to have had on societies and the environment.The scope of values-driven NTOs has expanded to include complex issues such as climate change, freedom of religion and Indigenous peoples’ rights. Countries are increasingly willing to impose trade restrictions or offer preferences based on these values, creating a new landscape where trade and values are deeply intertwined. This trend presents significant challenges, particularly in achieving consensus on universally acceptable values and objectively evaluating compliance. Even where states have signed international agreements, differences invariably arise on how to apply them and their relationship with trade policy. Geopolitical tensions, especially between major powers like the US and China, underscore the difficulty of reconciling differing perspectives on values within the context of trade. For example, reports of forced labour in Xinjiang prompted the US to ban imports from the region unless proven free of forced labour. While China denies these claims and criticizes US human rights, these disputes highlight the complexities of incorporating values into trade poli
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