国际能源署-迈向可持续燃料的共同标准（英）

Towards Common Criteria for Sustainable FuelsThe IEA examines the full spectrum of energy issues including oil, gas and coal supply and demand, renewable energy technologies, electricity markets, energy efficiency, access to energy, demand side management and much more. Through its work, the IEA advocates policies that will enhance the reliability, affordability and sustainability of energy in its 31 member countries, 13 association countries and beyond.This publication and any map included herein are without prejudice to the status of or sovereignty over any territory, to the delimitation of international frontiers and boundaries and to the name of any territory, city or area.Source: IEA. International Energy Agency Website: www.iea.orgIEA member countries: AustraliaAustriaBelgiumCanadaCzech RepublicDenmarkEstoniaFinlandFranceGermanyGreeceHungaryIrelandItalyJapanKoreaLithuaniaLuxembourgMexicoNetherlandsNew ZealandNorwayPolandPortugalSlovak RepublicSpainSwedenSwitzerlandRepublic of TürkiyeUnited KingdomUnited StatesThe European Commission also participates in the work of the IEAIEA association countries:Argentina BrazilChinaEgyptIndiaIndonesiaKenyaMoroccoSenegalSingapore South Africa Thailand UkraineINTERNATIONAL ENERGYAGENCYTowards Common Criteria for Sustainable Fuels Abstract PAGE | 3 I EA. CC BY 4.0. Abstract Sustainable fuels play a crucial role in clean energy transitions. They complement direct electrification and energy efficiency measures in decarbonising sectors for which emissions are hard to abate, while contributing to energy diversification and security. Under the IEA’s Net Zero Emissions by 2050 (NZE) Scenario, the demand for low-emission fuels such as liquid biofuels, biogases, hydrogen and hydrogen-based fuels would need to double from current levels by 2030 and double again by 2050. Despite their importance, none of the main sustainable fuel options are on track for a net zero pathway. Accelerated deployment of sustainable fuels depends in part on achieving a common understanding of what makes a fuel “sustainable”. Numerous frameworks and certification schemes for sustainable fuels have been established worldwide. Terms such as “green,” “blue,” or “advanced” are frequently used to describe the sustainability features of fuels and to differentiate them from their unabated fossil counterparts. However, there is no international consensus on the meaning of these terms. Their definitions are inconsistent and, critically, they do not usually provide quantitative information about greenhouse gas emissions. This report – produced in support of Brazil’s G20 Presidency – explores the feasibility and implications of setting up common criteria to enable fair comparisons of sustainable fuels. It maps commonalities and differences among the standards, regulations and certifications used for sustainable fuels across different regions and markets. It reviews typical carbon intensities and the improvement potential of various fuel prod