世界海关组织-世贸组织关于颠覆性技术的研究报告（英）

WCO/WTO Study Report on Disruptive TechnologiesJUNE 2022wcoomd.org wto.orgWCO/WTO Study Report on Disruptive TechnologiesJUNE 2022ContentsAcknowledgements 6Foreword by the WCO Secretary General 8Foreword by the WTO Director General 9Background 10Executive Summary 13I. Introduction: “disruptive…” 18 or (just) “emerging” technologies? II. Holistic use of technologies 26 for Smart Customs of the future III. The technologies 30 1. Blockchain and distributed ledger 31 technology (DLT) A. What is blockchain technology? 31 B. Potential use in Customs and 37 border management C. Implementation by Customs in 45 2021 2. Internet of Things (IoT) 51 A. What is IoT? 51 B. Links between IoT and other 52 technologies C. Current use in logistics and 55 supply chain management D. Potential use in Customs and 56 border management E. Implementation by Customs in 58 2021 4| WCO/WTOThis publication has been prepared under the WCO and WTO Secretariats’ own responsibilities and without prejudice to the position of WCO and WTO Members and to their rights and obligations under the WCO and the WTO. The designations employed in this publication and the presentation of material therein do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the WCO and the WTO concerning the legal status of any country, area or territory or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers.The case studies presented in the Annex are based on reports submitted by the Customs authorities. They have been lightly edited and remain true to the original submissions. 3. Big data, data analytics, artificial 63 intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) A. What is big data and data 63 analytics and how can they be used in Customs and border management? B. What is artificial intelligence? 64 C. How can big data, data analytics, 65 artificial intelligence and machine learning be used in Customs and border management? D. Benefits and Risks 67 E. Potential Future Use 68 F. Implementation by Customs 72 in 2021 4. Biometrics 76 A. What are biometrics? 76 B. Current use in Customs and border management 77 C. Potential future use 79 D. Considerations for establishing a biometrics programme 80 E. Concerns about security and use of biometric data: 81 F. Ongoing projects in Customs 83 5. Drones 84 A. What are drones? 84 B. Use of drones for cross-border 85 delivery of goods C. Regulatory issues 86 D. Potential impact on Customs 86 6. Virtual, augmented and mixed reality 90 A. What are virtual reality, 90 augmented reality and mixed reality? B. Existing practices 92 C. Potential future use in Customs 92 and border management 7. 3D printing 94 A. What is 3D printing? 94 B. Potential impact on Customs 96 and border management IV. Strategy behind technology 100 A. Developing and implementing new 101 technology B. Co