WTO-智能交易：人工智能如何塑造国际贸易（英）

Trading with intelligence How AI shapes and is shaped by international tradeDisclaimerThis publication has been prepared under the WTO Secretariat’s own responsibility. It does not necessarily reflect the positions or opinions of WTO members and it is without prejudice to their rights and obligations under the WTO agreements. The opinions expressed and arguments employed herein are not intended to provide any authoritative or legal interpretation of provisions of the WTO agreements and shall in no way be read or understood to have any legal implications. The terms and illustrations used in this publication do not constitute or imply an expression of opinion by the WTO Secretariat concerning the status or boundaries of any territory. The opinion pieces written by the external contributors are the sole responsibility of their respective authors.Acknowledgements 02Abbreviations 03Foreword 04Executive summary 06Chapter 1 Introduction 11Chapter 2 Why is AI a trade issue? 13(a) What is artificial intelligence (AI) and what makes it unique? 14(b) How will AI affect international trade? 18Chapter 3 The policies of AI and trade 35(a) AI and trade: key policy considerations 36(b) The global race to promote and regulate AI and the risk of fragmentation 46Chapter 4 What role for the WTO? 65(a) Promoting global convergence 66(b) Facilitating trade in AI-related goods and services for AI growth and development 70(c) Minimizing negative international spillovers 77(d) Helping to address and prevent trade tensions and frictions 79(e) Promoting inclusiveness through special and differential treatment and technical assistance 80(f) Scholars’ views on the possible implications of AI for international trade rules 82Chapter 5 Conclusion 89Annex 1 Key AI-related terms 93Annex 2 Technical appendix on the simulation scenarios 94Annex 3 Key policy and standard-related international initiatives in the area of AI 98Annex 4 Survey of academics 104Bibliography 105Opinion pieces Richard Baldwin, “AI means that services will be the future of trade” 25James Manyika, “Harnessing technology to advance shared prosperity” 37Shin-yi Peng, “AI: Amplifying the digital trade issues” 41Eduardo Paranhos, “Navigating AI regulation:balancing innovation, risks and regulatory defragmentation” 45Daniel Trefler, “Building global chains of trust” 81Table of contents1AcknowledgementsThe report was prepared under the general responsibility and guidance of Johanna Hill, WTO Deputy Director-General, and Ralph Ossa, Director of the Economic Research and Statistics Division.Coordination of the report and preparation of the chapters was led by Emmanuelle Ganne and Ankai Xu. The main authors of the report are Emmanuelle Ganne, Lauro Locks and Ankai Xu. Substantial contributions were received from Eddy Bekkers, Şeref Gökay Coşkun, Hryhorii Kalachyhin, Kathryn Lundquist, Martin Roy and Xiaoping Wu. Additional contributions were received from Milena Azevedo, Arti Gobi