在世界各地开发和提供新冠肺炎疫苗（英文）

1DEVELOPING AND DELIVERING COVID-19 VACCINES AROUND THE WORLDDEVELOPING AND DELIVERING COVID-19 VACCINES AROUND THE WORLDAn information note about issues with trade impactSection A Section B Section C Section A provides background information on immunization and the urgent search for vaccines against COVID-19. Section B provides an overview of the development and delivery of vaccines in the form of an infographic. Section C identifies where key decisions with trade impact may need to be made along the vaccine value chain and provides a non-exhaustive list of useful resources to help inform decision-making.This information note was published on 22 December 2020. This information note explores how trade policy can play its part in ensuring the rapid roll-out of vaccine against COVID-19. This document has been prepared under the WTO Secretariat’s own responsibility as a factual overview and is without prejudice to the positions of WTO members or to their rights and obligations under the WTO.SECTION A: Background information4DEVELOPING AND DELIVERING COVID-19 VACCINES AROUND THE WORLD350003000020000150001000050000World trade of vaccines for human medicine (HS 300220), 2005-19 (Million dollars)Trade in vaccines for human medicines has increased five-fold since 2005, according to the WTO. The WHO estimated global demand for vaccines at 3.5 billion doses in 2018. This figure excludes the oral polio vaccine, seasonal influenza and vaccines for the travel and military markets. Shortages occur regularly. Sixty-nine countries reported vaccine stockouts (i.e. a shortage of at least a one-month duration) in 2018. Vaccines particularly affected were those for yellow fever, measles and polio.New vaccines typically take more than 10 years to be developed and approved. COVID-19 vaccines had already been approved for emergency use and registered domestically some eight months after this new disease was notified to the WHO. The development of COVID-19 vaccines is following a “pandemic paradigm”, i.e. a compressed timeframe and with many steps executed in parallel rather than sequentially, according to the Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovation (CEPI). A first vaccine candidate was in clinical testing just two months after the publication of the genetic sequence of SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19 (Nature). To increase the likelihood of finding and approving a safe, effective vaccine a “portfolio approach is being used, i.e. investing in multiple vaccine candidates for testing. To ensure swift roll-out of an approved vaccine, manufacturing capacity is being scaled up and production had commenced even before regulatory approvals were received. According to CEPI’s manufacturing survey, published in August 2020, there is capacity to manufacture at least 2-4 billion doses of COVID-19 vaccines before the end of 2021. (CEPI manufacturing survey) On 12 January 2020, the genetic sequence of SARS-CoV-2, the coronavirus that causes COVID-19, was pub