联合国贸易发展委员会-关税中断：对最不发达国家的影响（英）

UNITED NATIONS CONFERENCE ON TRADE AND DEVELOPMENTTariff disruptionsThe impact on least developed countriesIntroductionFor over a decade the international community has pursued an elusive goal: doubling the 1% share of global exports of the least developed countries (LDCs). While the goal remains largely off track, tariffs on LDCs’ exports to the US market have recently tripled—and they are twice as high as those faced by developed countries. This will erode the competitiveness of the 44 LDCs in a market that represents nearly 10% of their exports.LDCs’ light manufacturing exports are hit the hardest. The end of AGOA and HOPE/HELP preferential access to the US market may further undermine their competitiveness—especially in textile and apparel, key sectors for women’s employment. These factors can weaken the productivity spillovers and structural transformation historically associated with manufacturing.Tariff disruptions underscore the need for LDCs to double down on regional integration and productive capacities as means for economic diversification. This would pave the path to a more prosperous and resilient future. 2 3LDCs remain grossly off track in doubling their share in global exports.Share of world merchandise exports (%) and Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 17.11 target 19952000200520102015202020240.00.51.01.52.0%1.0%0.5%2.0%Least developedcountries1.1%SDG 17.11 targetSource: UN Trade and Development (UNCTAD), based on UNCTADstat.Note: The goal of doubling LDCs’ share of world exports was first adopted in the Istanbul Programme of Action for the LDCs (2011), and later incorporated in the SDGs. 4The loss of US trade preferences is a challenge for exposed LDCs.US share in total LDC merchandise exports (%)0–1%1–3%3–10%10–35%> 80% Source: UN Trade and Development (UNCTAD), based on UNCTADstat.Note: Three-year average over the period 2022-2024. Information for Guinea-Bissau based on mirror flows. For further information see this table. 5New US tariffs vary substantially among countries.Additional tariffs based on US presidential actions between February and October 2025ranging from 10% to 41%, amendment of Executive Order 14257, Annex I (7 August 2025)on countries that are not covered under the amended Executive Order 14257, Annex Iexempted products under Executive Order 14257, Annex II, including updates as of 8 September 2025on iron or steel and derivatives of steel (updated in August 2025); on aluminium and derivatives of aluminium (updated in August 2025); on copper and derivatives (in August 2025)on automobiles and parts (updated in May 2025)on timber and derivatives (in October 2025)Other tariff treatment pursuant to "deals" and international emergency measures (IEEPA)Sectoral national security tariffs, section 232 (exempted from new country-specifc tariffs)Country-specifc tariffsexpiry of trade preferences under AGOA for sub-Saharan African countries and the HOPE/HELP scheme for Haiti on the 30th of Septem