世界银行-孟加拉国妇女的经济赋权：更具包容性政策的循证工具包（英）

An Evidence-Guided Toolkit for More Inclusive PoliciesWomen’s Economic Empowerment in BangladeshPublic Disclosure AuthorizedPublic Disclosure AuthorizedPublic Disclosure AuthorizedPublic Disclosure AuthorizedAn Evidence-Guided Toolkit for More Inclusive PoliciesWomen’s Economic Empowerment in BangladeshiiAcknowledgmentsivAbbreviations and AcronymsviExecutive Summary1What’s New in This Report?2Key Messages4Linking Policy Priorities and the Evidence on Policy Tools11Introduction13Data Sources17Data Gaps20Key Definitions23Part 1 Women in the Labor Force261.1 Overview271.2 Gender Sectoral Segregation, Status in Employment, and Occupation301.3 Trends in Women’s Wage Employment341.4 The Cohort Dynamics of Women’s Wage Employment371.5 Hours Worked401.6 Earnings411.7 The Sociodemographic Profile of Female Labor Market Participation431.8 Social Norms and Women in the Labor Force50Part 2 Deep Dives522.1 Women in Agriculture532.2 Women in the Ready-Made Garment Sector572.3 Women in Nonagricultural Self-Employment61Table of ContentsiiiPart 3 Constraints and Policy Tools653.1 Overview663.2 Skills and Vocational Training693.3 Transport, Mobility, and Safety743.4 Financial Inclusion813.5 Ownership of Property and Other Assets873.6 Childcare and Home Responsibilities933.7 Business Ownership and Business Growth993.8 Job Search1043.9 Digital Inclusion1093.10 Migration113Appendix A. Summary Statistics: Key Measures of Women’s Economic Empowerment119Appendix B. Technical Appendix121B.1 Aggregation of Activity Codes in the Time Use Survey 2021121B.2 Oaxaca Decomposition121B.2.1 Decomposition Results121B.2.2 Endowments, by Sex122B.3 Evidence Assessment Methodology and Expert Survey123B.3.1 Policy Priorities: Assessment Methodology123B.3.2 World Bank Expert Survey and the Ranking of Policy Priorities124B.4 Measurement Changes in Labor Force Survey 2022125B.4.1 Employment Trends among Women in the Bangladesh LFS125B.4.2 Causes of the Rise in Women’s Agricultural Self-Employment in LFS 2022127B.4.3 Conclusion130B.5. Changes in the ILO Definition of Employment130References134ivThis report was prepared by a team of authors from the South Asia Gender Innovation Lab (SAR GIL), led by Kate Vyborny and Pulkit Aggarwal, with major contributions from Sofia Amaral, Isis Gaddis, Shirleen Manzur, Isabela Salgado-Silva Pereira, Kendal Swanson, and Viet Tran. The team appreciates additional contributions from Marian Abdel Nour, Raffaella Dimastrochicco, Anusha Guha, Sayan Kundu, Diana Lopez-Avila, Osama Safeer, and Hijab Waheed. We appreciate expert insights from Bidisha Haque, Fahmida Khatun, and Shireen Haque Parvin. The report was developed with the support of the Bangladesh and Bhutan Gender Platform of the Social Development Global Practice under the leadership of Robin Mearns, Anna O’Donnell, Patricia Fernandes, Audrey Sacks, Sabah Moyeen, and Erisha Singh Suwal.AcknowledgmentsvThe team thanks Robert Zimmermann for editing services and Vito Raimondi for the design of the report