世界银行-性别格局：波兰（英）

Ewa Cukrowska-Torzewska (University of Warsaw) Reena Badiani-Magnusson (World Bank)MAY 2025GENDER LANDSCAPE: POLANDPublic Disclosure AuthorizedPublic Disclosure AuthorizedPublic Disclosure AuthorizedPublic Disclosure Authorized2Poland has made important strides in strengthening gender equality, particu-larly in education where women now outperform men in many areas of human capital development. However, untapped opportunities remain to better trans-late these strengths into the labor market and society. While Polish women are highly educated, they participate less in the labor force, with differences most pronounced by age, education level, and family situation. Improving access to flexible work arrangements and expanding quality childcare could help more women balance work and family responsibilities – an area where cultural norms still place disproportionate caregiving expectations on women. Strengthening men’s engagement in family life and promoting shared responsibilities would support broader social progress. Addressing persistent gaps in wages, pensions, and leadership roles would also ensure that women’s educational achievements translate into equal economic outcomes over the life course. At the same time, greater focus on men’s well-being – including supporting those in vocational tracks and tackling health disparities – can contribute to more inclusive and bal-anced outcomes for all. This note draws on data and research to highlight both the challenges and opportunities ahead, and to identify key priorities for advanc-ing gender equality in Poland.3LIST OF CONTENT1. Overview ............................................................................................................................................................42. Human Capital ...............................................................................................................................................53. Labor Market .................................................................................................................................................104. Power ................................................................................................................................................................205. Violence ........................................................................................................................................................... 226. Institutions: norms and family policies ......................................................................................247. Conclusion and recommendations .............................................................................................. 27References ..........................................................................................................................................................2941. OVERVIEWPoland continues to lag behind the EU average on holistic measures of gender equality, with slow and uneven progress. Accordi