世界银行-马格里布妇女平等：最近的进展和仍然存在的差距（英）

Public Disclosure AuthorizedPublic Disclosure AuthorizedPublic Disclosure AuthorizedPublic Disclosure Authorized Table of Contents Abbreviations .......................................................................................................................... 3 1. Introduction ................................................................................................................................... 4 2. Human capital accumulation .......................................................................................................... 6 2.1 Girls in the Maghreb have a slightly higher average HCI score than boys, but this edge does not carry over to adult women per the HDI....................................................................................................................... 6 2.2 Girls in Maghreb countries outperform boys in school enrollment at nearly all levels of education. ......... 9 2.3 Learning outcomes do not match the progress in access to education in the Maghreb, but the gender gap in many indicators has effectively closed. ................................................................................................. 12 2.4 Women in the Maghreb have seen improvements in reproductive health and are expected to live longer and healthier lives. Trends in fertility rates, however, are uneven across countries. ..................................... 15 2.5 The burden of disease, non-communicable and communicable, is gendered in the Maghreb, and mostly higher among men. .......................................................................................................................................... 16 3. Economic participation ................................................................................................................. 18 3.1 Women’s participation in the labor market is low and the gender gap is persistent. ............................... 18 3.2 Working women in the Maghreb face employment segregation—into jobs deemed “suitable” for women. ............................................................................................................................................................. 20 3.3 Barriers to women’s labor force participation in the Maghreb include regressive social norms, practical concerns about workplace facilities and transport, and legal provisions. ....................................................... 23 3.4 Women in the Maghreb are less likely to engage in entrepreneurship compared to men. Barriers to women’s entrepreneurship are different from those for wage employment and include additional institutional and structural components. ......................................................................................................... 24 3.5 Digital technology, emerging-sector jobs, financial credit, and asset ownership can act as equalizers in women’s economic participation, but gender gaps in access render this potential unrealized fo