欧洲央行-人工智能与欧洲女性就业（英）

Working Paper Series AI and women’s employment in Europe Stefania Albanesi, António Dias da Silva, Juan F. Jimeno, Ana Lamo, Alena Wabitsch Disclaimer: This paper should not be reported as representing the views of the European Central Bank (ECB). The views expressed are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of the ECB. No 3077 AbstractWe examine the link between the diffusion of artificial intelligence (AI) en-abled technologies and changes in the female employment share in 16 Europeancountries over the period 2011-2019. Using data for occupations at the 3-digitlevel, we find that on average female employment shares increased in occupationsmore exposed to AI. Countries with high initial female labor force participationand higher initial female relative education show a stronger positive association.While there exists heterogeneity across countries, almost all show a positive re-lation between changes in female employment shares within occupations andexposure to AI-enabled automation.Keywords: artificial intelligence, employment, gender, skills, occupationsJEL codes: J23, O33ECB Working Paper Series No 30771Non-technical summaryThe evolution of digital technologies has been characterised by significant changes tothe skills required in the labour market. Over the last 50 years, two major shifts haveemerged: first, an increased demand for high-skilled workers, often at the expense ofworkers with lower levels of formal education; and second, a greater need for workersin non-routine cognitive tasks, frequently impacting middle-skilled workers in routinetasks.The changing demand for skills has had different implications for employment ofmen and women. Previously, mechanisation and the growing demand for high-skilledlabour tended to favour women, due to their comparative advantage in intellectualactivities compared to physical labour. Although women were more exposed to theadverse effects of automation, their educational advancements and interpersonal skillsallowed them to gain in employment by shifting to professional occupations, whereasmen shifted into lower-level service jobs.This paper explores the impact of artificial intelligence (AI) on women’s employ-ment in 16 European countries from 2011 to 2019. As AI technologies advance, theytransform the labour market with tasks being automated and with the emergence ofnew tasks, potentially affecting gender employment dynamics. This paper builds uponAlbanesi et al. (2025) which analyses the impact of AI on employment. It uses mea-sures developed by Felten et al. (2019) and Webb (2020) to assess AI exposure atthe occupation level. These measures consider the alignment of AI capabilities withoccupational tasks.We find a positive association between AI exposure and the increase in female em-ployment share in occupations. On average, a rise in exposure to AI by ten percentilesleads to a 2.2-2.9% increase in female employment share. These estimates are approx-imately double than for the