绿色金融与发展中心-亚洲绿色独立发电商（IPP）设计和谈判——新指导文件（英）

Green independent power producers (IPPs) in Asia: A practical guide for negotiations and agreements between Chinese and international partners June 2025 Christoph Nedopil, Fabby Tumiwa, Mustafa Sayed, Muhammad Aulia Anis, Rika Isnarti and Umar Farooq Acknowledgements This report would not have been possible without the contributions and insights of numerous individuals. We extend our sincere thanks to the energy policy experts, industry practitioners, and independent power producers across Asia who generously shared their time and perspectives. These include Muhammad Ali, Lawrence Ang, Zainal Arifin, Jushkinbek Ismailov, Usahama Jamshald, Dedy Marsetloadi, Dinita Setyawati, Noor Syaifudin, Tung Nguyen Thanh, Muyi Yang, N A Zuberi and many more. We are also grateful to our colleagues, particularly Dr Shawn Hunter, who has been patiently and diligently managing the project, Jill Moriarty for design, and Associate Professor Alexandr Akimov for his valuable feedback throughout the drafting process. Finally, we acknowledge the support of our generous sponsors and partners, whose guidance and resources were instrumental in the completion of this report. About this Publication This guidance document was written as part of the Green Energy Network – Asia (GEN-A), an initiative by the Griffith Asia Institute in Australia, in collaboration with the Institute of Essential Services Reform (IESR) in Indonesia, Pakistan China Institute (PCI) in Pakistan, and Climate Smart Ventures (CSV) in Philippines. Please cite as: Nedopil, C, Tumiwa, F, Sayed, M, Anis, MA Isnarti, R and Farooq, U, 2025, Green independent power producers (IPPs) in Asia: A practical guide for negotiations and agreements between Chinese and international partners, Griffith Asia Institute, Griffith University (Brisbane), DOI: https://doi.org/10.25904/1912/5792. © 2025 Griffith Asia Institute, Griffith University Cover picture: Shutterstock Acronyms and abbreviations ADB Asian Development Bank AIIB Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank BOO Build-Own-Operate BOT Build-Operate-Transfer BRI Belt and Road Initiative BOP Balance of Plant CAPEX Capital Expenditure CDB China Development Bank COD Commercial Operation Date CPPA Central Power Purchasing Agency (Pakistan) DFI Development Finance Institution DISCO Distribution Company EdL Electricité du Laos E&S Environmental and Social EPC Engineering, Procurement, and Construction EVN Vietnam Electricity FiT Feed-in Tariff FX Foreign Exchange GHI Global Horizontal Irradiance IFC International Finance Corporation IPP Independent Power Producer JV Joint Venture JVA Joint Venture Agreement MEMR Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources (Indonesia) MW Megawatt NTDC National Transmission and Dispatch Company (Pakistan) O&M Operation and Maintenance OECD Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development PPA Power Purchase Agreement PLN Perusahaan Listrik Negara (Indonesia’s state utility) PV Photovoltaic RECs Renewable Ene