世界银行-国家财富的变化：重新审视综合财富的衡量（英）

The CHANGING WEALTH of NATIONSRevisiting the Measurement of Comprehensive Wealth2 0 2 4Public Disclosure AuthorizedPublic Disclosure AuthorizedPublic Disclosure AuthorizedPublic Disclosure AuthorizedThis edition of The Changing Wealth of Nations is dedicated to the memory of Kirk Hamilton, whose pioneering work and intellectual leadership have made this work possible. © 2024 International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank1818 H Street NWWashington DC 20433Telephone: 202-473-1000Internet: www.worldbank.orgThis work is a product of the staff of The World Bank with external contributions. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this work do not necessarily reflect the views of The World Bank, its Board of Executive Directors, or the governments they represent.The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy, completeness, or currency of the data included in this work and does not assume responsibility for any errors, omissions, or discrepancies in the information, or liability with respect to the use of or failure to use the information, methods, processes, or conclusions set forth. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgment on the part of The World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries.Nothing herein shall constitute or be construed or considered to be a limitation upon or waiver of the privileges and immunities of The World Bank, all of which are specifically reserved.RIGHTS AND PERMISSIONSThe material in this work is subject to copyright. Because The World Bank encourages dissemination of its knowledge, this work may be reproduced, in whole or in part, for noncommercial purposes as long as full attribution to this work is given.Any queries on rights and licenses, including subsidiary rights, should be addressed to World Bank Publications, The World Bank Group, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433, USA; fax: 202-522-2625; e-mail: pubrights@worldbank.org.Design and layout: Clarity Global Strategic Communications www.clarityglobal.netA reproducibility package is available for this book in the Reproducible Research Repository at https://reproducibility.worldbank.org/index.php/catalog/194https://reproducibility.worldbank.org2REVISITING THE MEASUREMENT OF COMPREHENSIVE WEALTHAcknowledgments 3Preface 6Executive Summary 11I. Tracking Wealth to Monitor Economic Progress 25 1. Wealth as an Indicator of Sustainability 26 2. How the World Bank Measures Comprehensive Wealth 45 3. Global and Regional Trends in Wealth, 1995—2020 63 4. The Role of Limited Substitutability for Measuring Sustainability with CWON 83II. Measuring Components of Comprehensive Wealth 95 5. The Nonrenewable Wealth of Nations 96 6. Valuation of Hydroelectric Resources 121 7. Forests and Agricultural Lands 143 8. Blue Natural Capital: Marine Fish Stocks, Aquaculture, and Mangrove Coastal Protection Servi