世界银行-巴基斯坦妇女的经济赋权：更具包容性政策的循证工具包（英）

An evidence guided toolkit for more inclusive policies WOMEN’S ECONOMIC EMPOWERMENT IN PAKISTANPublic Disclosure AuthorizedPublic Disclosure AuthorizedPublic Disclosure AuthorizedPublic Disclosure AuthorizedAn evidence guided toolkit for more inclusive policies WOMEN’S ECONOMIC EMPOWERMENT IN PAKISTANAcknowledgementsiAbbreviations and AcronymsiiExecutive Summary1What’s New in this Report?4Main Lessons6Identifying Policy Priorities and Linking Them to the Evidence on Policy Tools14Part 1. Three Pillars of Women’s Economic Empowerment in Pakistan17Part 2. Measuring Gender Gaps in Economic Empowerment22Wage Employment and Entrepreneurship24Productive Assets38Safety and Mobility, Autonomy, and Social Norms47Part 3. Factors Associated with Women’s Economic Empowerment55Part 4. Mapping Policy Priorities to Evidence-Based Tools68Constraint 1. Transport and Mobility71Constraint 2. Safety Concerns in the Public Space and in the Workplace72Constraint 3. Skills and Vocational Training74Constraint 4. Childcare and the Division of Domestic Work76 Table of Contents Constraint 5. Financial Inclusion78Constraint 6. Asset Ownership80Constraint 7. Digital Inclusion82Constraint 8. Women’s Entrepreneurship and Business Growth83Constraint 9. Job Search85Constraint 10. Livelihood and Asset Transfer87Appendixes88Appendix A. Definitions and Survey Sampling Descriptions89Appendix B. Summary Statistics of Key Women’s Economic Empowerment Measures93Appendix C. Technical Appendix95References98i Acknowledgments This report was prepared by a team of authors from the South Asia Gender Innovation Lab (SAR GIL), led by Sofia Amaral. Authors also include Surili Sheth, Pulkit Aggarwal, Anusha Guha, Osama Safeer, and Shirleen Manzur. The team is thankful for the guidance provided by Isis Gaddis and Kate Vyborny.The report was developed with the support of the Pakistan Gender Platform of the Social Inclusion and Sustainability Global Practice under the leadership of Robin Mearns, Patricia Fernandes, Kamakshi Mubarak, and Mirai Maruo. Uzma Quresh also supported the initial phase of the preparation of this report.The completion of this report benefited from various meetings and consultations with stakeholders through in-person and remote meetings from March 2023 through May 2023. The report profited from the comments of and discussions with many stakeholders within the World Bank and nongovernmental policy stakeholders in Pakistan. At the World Bank, we thank Dalal Moosa of the Social Protection and Jobs Global Practice; Lincoln Flor, Bilal Paracha, Shyam Srinivasan from the Transport Global Practice; Maria Qazi and Christina Wieser from the Poverty Global Practice; Fahad Hasan from the Finance, Competitiveness, and Innovation Global Practice; Shahbaz Khan from the Digital Global Practice; Izza Farrakh from the Education Global Practice; Mishka Zaman, Babar Naseem Khan, and Shan Rehman from the Social and Sustainability Global Practice.We thank Fauzia Viqar from the Federal Ombuds