清华五道口：“征信新规”下的信用数据分享问题研究

研究报告 （2022 年 第 15 期 总第 119 期） 2022 年 12 月 10 日 “征信新规”下的信用数据分享问题研究 金融发展与监管科技研究中心 【摘要】近年来，随着数字经济迅速发展，传统信贷数据之外的大量替代数据在信贷业务营销及风险评估方面得到了广泛应用，一方面有利于提升普惠金融覆盖面、增强中小银行和消费金融公司的数字化风控能力；另一方面也加剧了个人信息保护与数据安全等潜在风险。2021 年 9 月，中国人民银行依据《个人信息保护法》等上位法，出台《征信业务管理办法》（以下简称《办法》），为规范个人信用信息分享和应用、促进市场有序、合规、健康发展指明了方向。清华大学五道口金融学院金融发展与监管科技中心成立课题组，就《办法》落地实施的有关问题，对多家金融机构和数据服务公司进行走访调研，并邀请学界和业界专家参与访谈。本报告基于大量一手调研信息，重点分析了征信新规 下信用数据分享面临的机遇与挑战，并梳理了外国信用数据分享典型模式和监管经验。根据研究结论，本报告从制度构建、数据治理、机构设立和服务定价的角度，对完善征信新规、推动信用评估行业稳健发展提出了相关政策建议。 Research report 2022-11-28 Edition Study on Credit Data Sharing under the “New Credit Regulation” Center for Financial Development and Regtech Research，CFDRR Abstract: In recent years, with the rapid development of the digital economy, a large amount of alternative data beyond traditional credit data has been widely used in credit business marketing and risk assessment, which on the one hand is conducive to improving the coverage of inclusive finance and enhancing the digital risk control capabilities of small and medium-sized banks and consumer finance companies; on the other hand, it also increases the potential risks such as personal information protection and data security. In September 2021, the People's Bank of China(PBOC), based on the Personal Information Protection Law and other superior laws, issued the Measures for the Administration of Credit Business (the "Measures"), which pointed out the direction for regulating the sharing and application of personal credit information and promoting the orderly, compliant and healthy development of the market. CFDRR of PBCSF, Tsinghua University，set up a research group to visit and investigate a number of financial institutions and data service companies on issues related to the implementation of the Measures, and invited experts from academia and industry to participate in interviews. Based on extensive first-hand research information, this report focuses on the opportunities and challenges of credit data sharing under the “new credit regulation”, and compares the typical models and regulatory experiences of foreign credit data sharing. In response to the findings of the study, this report puts forward relevant policy recommendations for improving the “new credit regulation” and promoting the stable development of the credit assessment industry from the perspectives of system construction, data governance, institution establishment and service pricing. 目录 1 “征信新规”下信用数据分享问题的研究背景 ....................... 1 1.1 金融机构数字化转型以数据为关键要素 ................................. 1 1.2 商业银行风险定价需要外源信用类数据支持 ......................... 2 1.3 《办法》出台，“断直连”改变信用数据分享合作流程 ..... 3 2 “征信新规”下信用数据分享面临的问题 ............................... 5 2.1 《办法》部分内容有待进一步补充说明 ................................. 6 2.2 从政策时间来看，市场真实反响显现于过渡期之后 ............. 8 2.3 从行业发展来看，市场各参与主体面临不同机遇与挑战 ... 12 3 外国信用评估体系及监管实践 .................................................. 18 3.1 美国信用评估体系及监管实践 ........................