世界银行-超越粮食安全：优化加纳饮食转型中的可持续健康饮食（英）

Policy Research Working Paper11197Beyond Food SecurityOptimizing Sustainable Healthy Diets in Ghana’s Dietary TransitionFrancis Addeah Darko Edward Martey Agriculture and Food Global DepartmentSeptember 2025 Public Disclosure AuthorizedPublic Disclosure AuthorizedPublic Disclosure AuthorizedPublic Disclosure AuthorizedProduced by the Research Support TeamAbstractThe Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues. An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly, even if the presentations are less than fully polished. The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors. They do not necessarily represent the views of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/World Bank and its affiliated organizations, or those of the Executive Directors of the World Bank or the governments they represent.Policy Research Working Paper 11197This study examines the sustainability and healthiness of Ghana’s current dietary patterns and explores pathways for promoting sustainable healthy diets through agrifood policy interventions. Using secondary data from the Food and Agriculture Organization’s Statistics, Ghana Statistical Service, and other sources, the study assesses food security dimensions, estimates greenhouse gas emissions from cur-rent diets, analyzes the relationship between income and meat consumption, and generates Pareto-optimal dietary solutions. The analysis reveals significant dietary imbal-ances: Ghanaians overconsume staple foods (279 percent of recommended levels) and severely under-consume fruits (57 percent); vegetables (43 percent); and legumes, pulses, and nuts (20 percent). Despite adequate national caloric avail-ability (135 percent adequacy), 63 percent of the population cannot afford healthy diets, with 21.1 million people facing affordability constraints. Ghana’s current dietary patterns generate 46 million metric tons per year of greenhouse gas emissions and fail to meet international sustainability targets, with a positive correlation (0.3 percent increase per 1,000 GHS income) between economic development and meat consumption. Pareto optimization demonstrates that although government dietary guidelines can achieve up to 32 percent emissions reduction at higher costs, EAT-Lancet recommendations offer superior outcomes with 47 percent lower costs and 70 percent lower emissions. The policy landscape analysis spanning 2014–23 reveals progress from food security–focused to holistic approaches incorporating nutrition and sustainability. Key recommendations include revising national dietary guidelines to align with sustainabil-ity targets, enhancing production support for diverse crops, improving food system infrastructure, and developing sus-tainable protein transition policies to decouple econ