中国的数据战略（英）

© European Union Institute for Security Studies, 2021.The views expressed in this publication are solely those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the European Union.BRIEF / 21Oct 2021CHINA’S DATA STRATEGYCreating a state-led marketbyCamille BoullenoisProject leader/Head of Brussels office at SinolyticsINTRODUCTIONIn 2019 and 2020, the European Union (1), the United Kingdom (2) and the United States (3) issued strategy papers on data governance acknowledging the im-portance of data to their economic development and national security. With different emphases, four competing objectives dominate these data strategies: innovation (using data to create new business models and boost economic growth); security (ensuring that sensitive data is not used by a hostile foreign power); privacy (protecting citizens from abusive use of per-sonal data); and surveillance (using data to monitor and control citizens’ and companies’ behaviour).In the past two years, China has been defining its own data strategy and governance regime and, while juggling the same four competing objectives as its Western counterparts, is taking an innovative ap-proach. While the specific data governance framework is still being debated among scholars, policymakers, industrial lobbyists and state institutions, local pilot regulations on data and stakeholders’ public posi-tions have already hinted at its future characteristics.This Brief aims to shed light on these debates over China’s emerging data governance framework. It starts by describing the objectives of the framework, Summary› China’s data strategy creates risks of abu-sive data collection on EU nationals and companies and challenges the European Union’s strong emphasis on individual data rights. China’s data governance frame-work also entails a risk of deepening data protectionism, where countries hold on to their data resources and do not share them with foreign actors.› As for other ‘factors of production’, such as land, labour and capital, China has em-barked on a process of carefully defining property rights for data; these rights de-pend on the type of stakeholder, the pur-pose of usage and a granular categorisation of data types.› China’s data governance framework, as discussed by policymakers and illus-trated in local pilot schemes, emphasises corporate data rights and state-led data collection.2CamIllE BoUllEnoISthen summarises the debates around the new data rights that Chinese policymakers are establishing and analyses China’s first local pilot regulations defining those rights. The Brief then focuses specifically on health data to illustrate how China’s data governance regime is designed to work. Finally, the Brief gives an overview of the challenges that China’s data governance framework presents for EU governments and companies. Ultimately, China’s data governance regime will have impor-tant implications for the protection of EU citizens’ data and creates a risk of data protectionism. It i