联合国西亚经济社会委员会-阿拉伯国家的社会支出、支出效率和财政可持续性（英）

Social spending, expenditure efficiency and fiscal sustainability in the Arab StatesSocial spending, expenditure efficiency and fiscal sustainability in the Arab States© 2025 United NationsAll rights reserved worldwidePhotocopies and reproductions of excerpts are allowed with proper credits.All queries on rights and licences, including subsidiary rights, should be addressed to the United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia (ESCWA), email: publications-escwa@un.org.The findings, interpretations and conclusions expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the United Nations or its officials or Member States.The designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.Links contained in this publication are provided for the convenience of the reader and are correct at the time of issue. The United Nations takes no responsibility for the continued accuracy of that information or for the content of any external website.References have, wherever possible, been verified.Mention of commercial names and products does not imply the endorsement of the United Nations.References to dollars ($) are to United States dollars, unless otherwise stated.Symbols of United Nations documents are composed of capital letters combined with figures. Mention of such a symbol indicates a reference to a United Nations document.United Nations publication issued by ESCWA, United Nations House, Riad El Solh Square, P.O. Box: 11–8575, Beirut, Lebanon.Website: www.unescwa.org.UNITED NATIONS PUBLICATIONE/ESCWA/CL3.SEP/2025/1PRINT ISBN: 9789211546408PDF ISBN: 9789211575712Sales no.: E.26.II.L.22500655EiiiAcknowledgementsThe present report was produced by the Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia (ESCWA), in partnership with the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), and under the overall guidance of ESCWA Executive Secretary, Rola Dashti, and the leadership of Niranjan Sarangi, Cluster Leader, Shared Economic Prosperity.Authors team: Niranjan Sarangi (lead author), Layal Darwiche, Jan Gaska, Marwen Hkiri, Vanessa KajjouniContributors:ESCWA: Thibault Emanuel Deneus, Hisham Taha, Rui XuUNICEF Middle East and North Africa Regional Office: Samson Muradzikwa, Arianna Ranuschio TotteEditor: Gretchen LuchsingerRegional expert reviewers: Ibrahim Elbadawi, Founder and Managing Director of the Development Studies and Research Forum, and Najat El Mekkaoui, Senior Economist and Professor of Economics at Paris Dauphine UniversityProduction and design: ESCWA Conference Management SectionCommunication and outreach: ESCWA Communication and Information UnitivCountry groupingsCountry groupCountryHigh-income countries (HICs)/Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC)Bahrai