世界银行-巴基斯坦能源效率：工业能源效率和脱碳（EE-D）（英）

KNOWLEDGE NOTESINDUSTRIAL ENERGY EFFICIENCY AND DECARBONIZATION (EE&D)Pakistan Energy Efficiency Public Disclosure AuthorizedPublic Disclosure AuthorizedPublic Disclosure AuthorizedPublic Disclosure Authorized1 Industrial Energy Efficiency And Decarbonization (EE&D)Why is industrial energy efficiency relevant for Pakistan? Improving the energy efficiency of industrial production can reduce energy expenditure, increase industrial competitiveness while providing wider economic and environmental benefits. Pakistan has faced rapidly rising energy costs in recent years with electricity tariffs doubling and gas tariffs increasing five-fold. This surge in energy prices has placed a significant strain on industrial operations and profitability, necessitating infrastructure upgrades and making a compelling case for industrial energy efficiency (IEE) improvements. Furthermore, IEE is a crucial component of Pakistan’s Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs), targeting the country’s globally uncompetitive carbon intensity and regionally uncompetitive energy intensity. Investments in IEE offer a tangible solution by yielding energy savings, lowering costs, and stimulating economic growth. Additionally, Pakistan’s energy intensity of gross domestic product (GDP) is relatively high compared to other countries in the region, presenting substantial potential for improvement in demand-side efficiency. Pakistan’s energy intensity—the amount of energy needed to produce US$1 of GDP—was 4.2 megajoules (million joules, MJ) per United States dollar (US$), compared to 1.9 MJ/US$ in Bangladesh, and just 1.7 MJ/US$ in Sri Lanka. As the industrial sector accounts for over 37 percent of energy use in the country (over 14 million tonnes of oil equivalent or MTOE in fiscal year (FY) 2023),1 reducing the energy intensity of industrial production through energy efficiency and decarbonization interventions in priority sectors could reduce the energy intensity of GDP, improve industrial competitiveness, and provide economic and environmental benefits.2 Heavy reliance on coal in particular makes industry a disproportionate contributor to air pollution and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions.3 At 55.13 grams of carbon dioxide (gCO2)/MJ, Pakistan’s carbon intensity of industrial energy consumption is nearly 38 percent greater than that of North America, and 50 percent more than in the European Union (EU).i Industrial energy efficiency targets for manufacturing sectors aim to reduce industrial emissions by 5.33 metric tonnes of CO2 equivalent (MtCO2e) through 2030, according to Pakistan’s NDCs.4 Specific measures selected for industrial decarbonization include upgrading industrial processes and technologies, promoting energy efficiency, and conducting energy audits, with the highest sector-specific 1 Pakistan Energy Yearbook 2022–2023 (HDIP 2023). The final energy consumption in the industrial and transport sectors was comparable in the referenced year at 14,197 and 14,972 MTOE respect