世界银行-不丹的移民动态：近期趋势、驱动因素及其影响（英）

MIGRATION DYNAMICS IN BHUTANRECENT TRENDS, DRIVERS, AND IMPLICATIONS Jumana AlarefAlvin Etang NdipCheku DorjiLaurine Martinoty Public Disclosure AuthorizedPublic Disclosure AuthorizedPublic Disclosure AuthorizedPublic Disclosure AuthorizedMIGRATION DYNAMICS IN BHUTANRECENT TRENDS, DRIVERS, AND IMPLICATIONS Jumana AlarefAlvin Etang NdipCheku DorjiLaurine Martinoty © 2025 International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/ The World Bank1818 H Street NWWashington DC 20433Telephone: 202-473-1000Internet: www.worldbank.orgDisclaimerThis work is a product of the staff of The World Bank with external contributions. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this work do not necessarily reflect the views of The World Bank, its Board of Executive Directors, or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy, completeness, or currency of the data included in this work and does not assume responsibility for any errors, omissions, or discrepancies in the information, or liability with respect to the use of or failure to use the information, methods, processes, or conclusions set forth. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgment on the part of The World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries.Nothing herein shall constitute or be construed or considered to be a limitation upon or waiver of the privileges and immunities of The World Bank, all of which are specifically reserved.Rights and PermissionsThe material in this work is subject to copyright. Because The World Bank encourages dissemination of its knowledge, this work may be reproduced, in whole or in part, for noncommercial purposes as long as full attribution to this work is given.Any queries on rights and licenses, including subsidiary rights, should be addressed to World Bank Publications, The World Bank Group, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433, USA; fax: 202-522-2625; e-mail:pubrights@worldbank.org.Attribution—Please cite the work as follows: Alaref, Jumana; Etang Ndip, Alvin; Dorji, Cheku; and Martinoty, Laurine. 2025. Migration Dynamics in Bhutan: Recent Trends, Drivers, and Implications. Washington, DC: World Bank.DesignTandin Namgyal, Kuensel MIGRATION DYNAMICS IN BHUTAN iiiACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThis report was prepared by a team co-led by Jumana Alaref and Alvin Etang Ndip and includes Cheku Dorji and Laurine Martinoty. Aishwarya Patil and Phillippe Leite provided valuable contributions at the design, questionnaire development, and sampling stages of data collection. The team would like to thank the following World Bank Group colleagues: Cecile Fruman, Stefano Paternostro, Mathew A. Verghis, Cem Mete, Ximena Del Carpio, S. Amer Ahmed, Souleymane Coulibaly, and Adama Coulibaly who provided feedback, guidance, and support from management; Maheshwor Shrestha, Matthew Dornan, and Mauro Testaverde who served as peer