麦肯锡-什么是电动汽车？（英）

McKinsey ExplainersWhat is an EV?EVs are powered by electricity and an electric motor, rather than a more conventional, gasoline-fueled internal combustion engine.June 2025If you’re driving a car that needs to be fueled up, chances are your vehicle runs on an internal combustion engine (ICE), which is powered by either gasoline or diesel fuel. Electric vehicles (EVs), by contrast, use a battery instead of a gasoline tank and an electric motor instead of an ICE.But not all EVs are created equal. There are several types of EVs, each of which is powered a bit differently:—Hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) have both an ICE and an electric motor, which assists only at low speeds. The battery is charged either by the combustion engine or through recuperation when braking. Honda’s Accord line, for example, features an HEV model.—Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) are powered by an electric motor as well as a small combustion engine. They have an all-electric range from 20 to 60 miles per trip and can be charged at a regular EV charging station. Toyota’s Prius line includes a plug-in hybrid.—Extended-range electric vehicles (EREVs) are sometimes included in the PHEV category, but there are key differences between the two. Whereas PHEVs use a parallel electric-motor and ICE powertrain configuration, EREVs typically include a small ICE-powered generator that recharges the battery pack. EREVs and PHEVs can both be charged at EV charging stations, and their ICE engines can be refilled at traditional gas stations. EREVs also offer a longer driving range: usually between 100 and 200 miles, compared with 20 to 40 miles for PHEVs.—Battery electric vehicles (BEVs) rely solely on their battery for power. They produce no tailpipe emissions, have no combustion engine, and can typically drive between 200 and 500 miles before being recharged. The Tesla Model 3 and the Chevy Bolt are examples of BEVs.—Fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEVs) use only electric motors. Their electricity is generated in fuel cells and can be stored in a small buffer battery. Fuel cell vehicles use hydrogen (which is compressed into tanks) as fuel. Toyota’s Mirai and Hyundai’s Nexo are examples of FCEVs.The automotive future is electric—McKinsey projects that worldwide demand for EVs will grow sixfold from 2021 through 2030. Annual unit sales could go from 6.5 million to roughly 40 million over that period. In the first part of the decade, the COVID-19 pandemic, the war in Ukraine, and the push toward achieving net zero have accelerated the momentum of sustainable mobility. Understanding EVs and e-mobility can illustrate how these vehicles are transforming the industry and helping to decarbonize the planet.Learn more about McKinsey’s Automotive and Assembly Practice.What is an EV?2The popularity of electric bikes and scooters, due to their affordability and ease of access, represents a new chapter in micromobility. McKinsey estimates that the global micromobility market will reach about $36