世界银行-对拉丁美洲和加勒比地区的能源征税和补贴：来自总碳价格方法的见解（英）

TAXING AND SUBSIDIZING ENERGY IN LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN: INSIGHTS FROM A TOTAL CARBON PRICE APPROACHPublic Disclosure AuthorizedPublic Disclosure AuthorizedPublic Disclosure AuthorizedPublic Disclosure AuthorizedTAXING AND SUBSIDIZING ENERGY IN LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN: INSIGHTS FROM A TOTAL CARBON PRICE APPROACHTAXING AND SUBSIDIZING ENERGY IN LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN:Insights from a Total Carbon Price ApproachCopyright © 2025, International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / World Bank 1818 H Street N.W. Washington D.C. 20433, United States of America Telephone: (202) 473-0000 Internet: www.worldbank.org In Spanish: www.bancomundial.org Email: feedback@worldbank.orgRights ReservedThis volume is a product of the staff of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this volume do not necessarily reflect the views of the Executive Directors of the World Bank or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this publication.Rights and PermissionsThe International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank encourages the dissemination of its work and will normally grant permission to reproduce portions of this work promptly, provided the sources are acknowledged.Attribution—Please cite the work as follows:World Bank (2025), Taxing and subsidizing energy in Latin America and the Caribbean: Insights from a Total Carbon Price Approach. Washington DC.Cover and Interior DesignManthra Comunicación · info@manthra.ecTable of Contents ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -------------------------------------------------------------------- 4EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ------------------------------------------------------------------- 51. USING TOTAL CARBON PRICES TO DRIVE A TRANSFORMATION IN ENERGY SUPPLY AND DEMAND IN LAC --------------------------------------------- 9 1.1. ENERGY PRICES AT THE CENTER -----------------------------------------------------------------------13 1.2. ALIGNING ENERGY PRICES WITH CO2 EMISSIONS ----------------------------------------------------17 1.3. A COMPREHENSIVE BOTTOM-UP APPROACH --------------------------------------------------------172. INSIGHTS FROM TOTAL CARBON PRICES IN THE LAC REGION -----------------------22 2.1. THE PRICE OF FUEL-RELATED CO2 EMISSIONS IN THE REGION IS POSITIVE, ON AVERAGE -------------------------------------------------------------------------------23 2.2. THERE IS SCOPE TO RAISE TCPs -----------------------------------------------------------------------24 2.3. INDIRECT PRICING INSTRUMENTS ARE NOT ALIGNED WITH FUEL EMISSIONS ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------273. REFORMING ENERGY TAXES AND SUBSIDIES TO ENHANCE TCPS: IMPACTS AND SECTORAL CHALLENGES -------------------------- 34 3.1. MACROECONOMIC IMPACTS: FISCAL REVENUE,