兰德-中央银行数字货币设计选择及其对执法的影响（英）

JIM MIGNANO, DANIEL EGEL, PHOEBE ROSE LEVINE, DANIEL CUNNINGHAM, BRIAN A. JACKSON, JOHN S. HOLLYWOOD, LUCY L. THOMSON, DULANI WOODSCentral Bank Digital Currency Design Choices and Effect on Law EnforcementThis publication has completed RAND’s research quality-assurance process but was not professionally copyedited.AN FFRDC OPERATED BY RAND UNDER CONTRACT WITH DHSThis research was published in 2025.Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.iii About This Report The Federal Reserve is exploring the creation of a U.S. central bank digital currency (CBDC), a government-backed digital dollar. This report explores the potential impact of a U.S. CBDC on law enforcement’s investigative capabilities, leveraging insights from interviews and a scenario-based workshop with law enforcement and financial professionals. The design of a U.S. CBDC—particularly decisions over privacy, transaction history, and the role of the private sector—will affect law enforcement’s ability to conduct financial investigations. However, as a U.S. CBDC is likely to be only an evolution (rather than a revolution) in digital assets, new law enforcement techniques are unlikely to be necessary though existing techniques may need to evolve. This research should be of interest to the Technology Centers Division at DHS; federal, state, local, tribal, and territorial law enforcement; and other United States Government agencies with either investigative responsibilities or responsibilities for the future of a U.S. CBDC. This research was sponsored by the Technology Centers Division at DHS S&T and conducted in the Infrastructure, Immigration, and Security Operations Program of the RAND Homeland Security Research Division (HSRD), which operates the Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (HSOAC). About the Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center The Homeland Security Act of 2002 (Public Law 107-296, § 305, as codified at 6 U.S.C. § 185) authorizes the Secretary of Homeland Security, acting through the Under Secretary forScience and Technology, to establish one or more federally funded research and developmentcenters (FFRDCs) to provide independent analysis of homeland security issues. RAND operatesthe Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (HSOAC) as an FFRDC for the U.S.Department of Homeland Security (DHS) under contract 70RSAT22D00000001.The HSOAC FFRDC provides the government with independent and objective analyses and advice in core areas important to the department in support of policy development, decisionmaking, alternative approaches, and new ideas on issues of significance. HSOAC also works with and supports other federal, state, local, tribal, and public- and private-sector organizations that make up the homeland security enterprise. HSOAC’s research is undertaken by mutual consent with DHS and organized as a set of discrete tasks. This report presents the results of research and analysis conducted under 70RSAT23FR0000074, Central Bank Digital C