牛津经济研究院-确保英国能够从量子计算中获益（英）

FEBRUARY 2025ENSURING THAT THE UK CAN CAPTURE THE BENEFITS OF QUANTUM COMPUTING2Ensuring that the UK can capture the benefits of quantum computingThis report has benefitted from interviews with people working in the UK quantum industry. We are grateful for their time and knowledge. The interviewees worked for IBM, Nu Quantum, Oxford Ionics, OQC, Quantum Motion, Riverlane, Universal Quantum, and UKQuantum. The contents of the report does not necessarily reflect their views or those of their employers. The report was made possible thanks to IBM and OQC.Image courtesy of OQC3Ensuring that the UK can capture the benefits of quantum computingTABLE OF CONTENTSForeword 4Executive summary 61. Introduction 102. Potential benefits of quantum computing 122.1 Quantum computing will bring economic benefits 122.2 Industrial processes that benefit from quantum computing 132.3 Many end-user customer industries may benefit 163. Quantum computing in the UK 203.1 Characteristics of quantum computing firms operating in the UK 203.2 Large technology firms involvement in quantum computing 233.3 The quantum sector’s supply base 244. The UK funding landscape 264.1 The economic imperative for investment in quantum computing 264.2 Rationale for governments to invest in quantum computing 274.3 UK government funding for quantum computing 284.4 Other major powers investment in quantum computing 304.5 Private sector funding and the ‘valley of death’ funding challenge 345. The economic impact of the quantum computing sector 385.1 The quantum computing industry’s current economic contribution 385.2 The quantum computing industry’s future economic contribution 416. The economic benefits quantum computing delivers to the end user sectors 466.1 Estimating the productivity gains from quantum computers 466.2 Further impacts of quantum computing on end user industries 547. Conclusion 56Appendix 1: Productivity gains by industry 58Appendix 2: Methodology 60Cover image: Shutterstock.com4Ensuring that the UK can capture the benefits of quantum computingFOREWORDThe world is undergoing the fastest technological revolution in history. Breakthroughs in areas related to artificial intelligence are already enhancing our productivity at work, helping discover new treatments for illnesses, and making our public services more efficient. But while the imagination of the governments, businesses, and the general public have rightly been captured by these developments, AI is but one of a number of keystone technologies that will define the 21st Century: quantum is another.Scientists are making ever-greater progress in unlocking the secrets of how subatomic particles interact with one another, and this knowledge will help unlock progress in other technologies. Quantum sensors will enable detailed images to be created at resolutions and distances previously unimagined, with applications from better healthcare diagnostics to assessing mineral deposits deep below the surface of the Earth. Quantu