政策制定者技术入门：人工智能与机器学习（英）

TECHNOLOGY AND PUBLIC PURPOSE PROJECTTECHNOLOGY PRIMERS FOR POLICYMAKERSArtificial Intelligence & Machine LearningApril 2023 AUTHORSIssam Eddine Abail (Harvard Kennedy School)Gopal Nadadur (The Asia Group)Enrico Santus (Bloomberg)Ariel Higuchi, Tech Primers Project Lead (Harvard Kennedy School)Amritha Jayanti (Harvard Kennedy School)REVIEWERSNicolas Christin (Carnegie Mellon)Susan Ritchie (US-India Strategic Partnership Forum)Daniel Zhang (Stanford Institute for Human-Centered Artificial Intelligence)FACULTY PRIMARY INVESTIGATORAsh Carter, TAPP Faculty Director, in memoriamStatements and views expressed in this publication are solely those of the authors and do not imply endorsement by the Reviewers and their respective organizations, Harvard University, Harvard Kennedy School, or the Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs. The Artificial Intelligence (AI) Technology Fact Sheet was originally published in January 2020. The Machine Learning (ML) Technology Fact Sheet was originally published in June 2019. The AI and ML Technology Fact Sheets were updated and combined into this document, “Artificial Intelligence & Machine Learning.” CONTRIBUTORS OF THE ORIGINAL AI TECHNOLOGY FACTSHEETEnrico SantusNicolas ChristinHarshini JayaramCONTRIBUTORS OF THE ORIGINAL ML TECHNOLOGY FACTSHEETAmy RobinsonAriel Herbert-VossORIGINAL EDITORSAmritha JayantiBogdan BeleiTechnology and Public Purpose Project Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs Harvard Kennedy School 79 John F. Kennedy Street, Cambridge, MA 02138 www.belfercenter.org/TAPPCopyright 2023, Presidents and Fellows of Harvard CollegePrinted in the United States of AmericaThe Technology Primers for Policymakers Series was designed to provide a brief overview of each technology and related policy considerations. These papers are not meant to be exhaustive.ContentsExecutive Summary 1PART 1: Technology 2What Is Artificial Intelligence? 2What Has Contributed to AI’s Increasing Prominence? 2The Mechanics of AI 3How Do Machines Learn? 6What Can AI Do? 7PART 2: Product Applications and Market Development 9PART 3: Current State of Strategies and Regulations 12U.S. Existing Laws Applied to AI 14U.S. Regulation/Strategies Specifically Created for AI and AI Applications 14International Regulations/Strategies 16PART 4: Public Purpose Considerations 21About the Technology and Public Purpose (TAPP) Project 27TECH PRIMERS FOR POLICYMAKERS: ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND MACHINE LEARNING 1Executive SummaryArtificial Intelligence (AI), can be defined as the theory and application of machines—especially computer programs—to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence, such as image captioning and generation, speech recognition and synthesis, natural language understanding and production, tool assembly and utilization, as well as various other perception-action based engagements. AI, in its current technological state, is being applied in various industries and domains, such as online ad