重绘克什米尔地图：中印巴冲突中的新地缘政治现实（英文）

NO. 52 NOVEMBER 2020 Introduction Redrawing the Maps in Kashmir New Geopolitical Realities in the Conflict between China, India, and Pakistan Christian Wagner and Angela Stanzel The political geography of Kashmir has changed radically in recent months. The start-ing point was the Indian government’s decision on 5 August 2019 to divide the state of Jammu and Kashmir (J&K) into two Union territories. In response, Islamabad pub-lished a map on 4 August 2020 showing all of Kashmir as part of Pakistan. At the end of September 2020, the Chinese government terminated the status quo with India in the Ladakh/Aksai Chin region. This indicates a new phase in the conflict over Kash-mir, in which China and Pakistan could work more closely together. In addition, the conflict is being expanded to include a new geopolitical dimension because, for China, the dispute with India is now also part of the struggle with the United States over the future distribution of power in the Indo-Pacific. The territorial affiliation of the former princely state of J&K has so far been the subject of two largely independent con-flicts: (1) the well-known dispute between India and Pakistan; (2) the less well-known dispute between India and China over the demarcation of their approximately 3,500-kilometre-long border, which also affects Kashmir. Recent developments could lead to the two previously separate conflicts becoming more intertwined in the future. The Indo-Pakistani Conflict over Kashmir Following the independence of British India and the creation of India and Pakistan in August 1947, a number of princely states initially remained independent, including J&K. When tribal warriors from Pakistan invaded, with support from Pakistani of-ficers, the Hindu Maharaja of J&K turned to the Indian government for military assistance. At the end of October 1947, the princely state joined the Indian Union, which, in return, sent troops to support the Maharaja. The fighting against the tribal warriors developed into the first Indo-Pakistani War, which ended in January 1949 with an armistice. Since then, the for-mer princely state has been divided into two parts, one Indian and one Pakistani. Kashmir has a high symbolic value for India and Pakistan in the context of their respective conceptions of the state. Pakistan, which was founded as a state for the Mus-lims of British India, claimed Kashmir – with its majority Muslim population – as one of its parts. For India, Kashmir became SWP Comment 52 November 2020 2 a symbol of the secularism and openness of the new state to all religious commu-nities. The ongoing Kashmir conflict between India and Pakistan can be divided into two major phases. The first phase, from 1947 to 1972, saw the internationalisation of the dispute. Indian Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru brought the conflict before the United Nations (UN) and proposed a referendum to decide whether the territory should belong to India or Pakistan. Since 1948, the UN Security Council