联合国西亚经济社会委员会-加强阿拉伯地区电子商务中的消费者保护：解决行为偏见和黑暗模式（英）

Strengthening consumer protection in e-commerce across the Arab regionAddressing behavioural biases and dark patternsShared Prosperity Dignified LifeVISIONESCWA, an innovative catalyst for a stable, just and flourishing Arab regionMISSIONCommitted to the 2030 Agenda, ESCWA’s passionate team produces innovative knowledge, fosters regional consensus and delivers transformational policy advice.Together, we work for a sustainable future for all.Shared Prosperity Dignified Life E/ESCWA/CL6.GCP/2025/TP.7 Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia Strengthening consumer protection in e-commerce across the Arab region Addressing behavioural biases and dark patterns United Nations Beirut © 2025 United Nations All rights reserved worldwide Photocopies and reproductions of excerpts are allowed with proper credits. All queries on rights and licences, including subsidiary rights, should be addressed to the United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia (ESCWA), email: publications-escwa@un.org. The findings, interpretations and conclusions expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the United Nations or its officials or Member States. The designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Links contained in this publication are provided for the convenience of the reader and are correct at the time of issue. The United Nations takes no responsibility for the continued accuracy of that information or for the content of any external website. References have, wherever possible, been verified. Mention of commercial names and products does not imply the endorsement of the United Nations. References to dollars ($) are to United States dollars, unless otherwise stated. Symbols of United Nations documents are composed of capital letters combined with figures. Mention of such a symbol indicates a reference to a United Nations document. United Nations publication issued by ESCWA, United Nations House, Riad El Solh Square, P.O. Box: 11–8575, Beirut, Lebanon. Website: www.unescwa.org. Cover photo credit: ©stock.adobe.com 2500657E iii Acknowledgements The present paper was published by the Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia (ESCWA). It was authored by Nathalie Khaled (coordinator and lead author), Maya Dah and Mohamad El Moussawi. It benefited from the insights and peer review of Arnau Izaguerri Vila, Legal Officer at the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD); and Teresa Moreira, Head of the Competition and Consumer Policies Branch at UNCTAD, to whom ESCWA extends its sincere appreciation. v Executive summary Every day, millions of consumers in the Arab world click “Buy now”, placing trust