世界银行-工作可达性、通勤时间和城市交通效率：来自达累斯萨拉姆的证据（英）

Policy Research Working Paper11186Job Accessibility, Commute Time, and Efficiency of Urban TransportEvidence from Dar es SalaamAtsushi IimiTransport Global DepartmentAugust 2025 Public Disclosure AuthorizedPublic Disclosure AuthorizedPublic Disclosure AuthorizedPublic Disclosure AuthorizedProduced by the Research Support TeamAbstractThe Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues. An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly, even if the presentations are less than fully polished. The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors. They do not necessarily represent the views of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/World Bank and its affiliated organizations, or those of the Executive Directors of the World Bank or the governments they represent.Policy Research Working Paper 11186Many African countries are experiencing rapid urbaniza-tion. However, job creation has not kept pace, resulting in persistently high urban unemployment rates. Based on basic job search theory, the paper revisits the relation-ship between employment and transport connectivity at various levels, using data from Dar es Salaam, one of Afri-ca’s fastest-growing developing cities. It shows that those who commute longer distances tend to earn higher wages. Therefore, enhancing the efficiency of urban transport systems is crucial. The paper also identifies variations in the relationship between wages and commute times across different transport modes. Commuters using motorized transportation, particularly private cars and taxis, generally earn more than those using nonmotorized transport. Hence, there is a potential risk associated with the overreliance on private transport modes. The gender wage gap persists in Dar es Salaam, but the positive effect of commuting on wages is greater for women, which can contribute to reducing the gap.This paper is a product of the Transport Global Department. It is part of a larger effort by the World Bank to provide open access to its research and make a contribution to development policy discussions around the world. Policy Research Working Papers are also posted on the Web at http://www.worldbank.org/prwp. The author may be contacted at aiimi@worldbank.org. Job Accessibility, Commute Time, and Efficiency of Urban Transport: Evidence from Dar es Salaam Atsushi Iimi¶ Eastern and Southern Africa, Transport The World Bank Group The United States Keywords: Jobs, Wages, Labor force participation, Transportation, Gender gaps. JEL classification: J21, J31, O18, R41. ¶ Corresponding author. Address: 1818 H Street N.W. Washington, DC 20433. Email: aiimi@worldbank.org 2 I. Introduction 1. Many African countries have been experiencing rapid urbanization in recent years. For instance, th