联合国贸易发展委员会年的债务世界：是时候进行改革了（摘要）（英）

UNITED NATIONS CONFERENCE ON TRADE AND DEVELOPMENTREPORT 2025It is time for reform.A world of debt 2Contents Global public debt keeps rising.The weight of external public debt.People pay the price. A roadmap to finance sustainable development.1234 2 3Global public debt keeps rising.1@Shutterstock 4Global public debt in 2024 surpassesSource: UNCTAD Secretariat calculations based on IMF World Economic Outlook (April 2025).Notes: Figures represent nominal values in current US$. Public debt refers to general government domestic and external debt throughout the document. General government consists of central, state and local governments and the social security funds controlled by these units.100 000 000 000 000201020122014201620182020202220245075100$51trillion$102trillion 4US$ 5Developing countries owe 31% of global public debt.Source: UNCTAD Secretariat calculations based on IMF World Economic Outlook (April 2025).Public debt in US$ billions (2024)France3 576Italy3 209Spain1 753Germany2 976Canada2 482United States of AmericaUnitedKingdom35 2513 689Japan9 528China16 559India3 177Brazil1 895Mexico1 082Egypt348Developed countries Developing regions Asia and OceaniaLatin America and the CaribbeanAfrica 6Public debt grows twice as fast in developing than in developed countries.Index: Outstanding public debt in 2010 = 10020102012201420162018202020222024100150200250300350DevelopingcountriesDevelopingcountriesexcl. ChinaDevelopedcountriesSource: UNCTAD Secretariat calculations based on IMF World Economic Outlook (April 2025). 7In 2024 debt-to-GDP ratios increased slightly, except in Asia and Oceania.Public debt as a share of GDP - median per country groupDevelopingcountriesLatin Americaand theCaribbean20102024020406080%20102024Africa20102024Asia andOceania20102024Source: UNCTAD Secretariat calculations based on IMF World Economic Outlook (April 2025). Note: The median represents the value that lies at the midpoint of the data distribution. 8The number of countries with heavy debt burdens remains high. Number of developing countries with public debt exceeding 60% of GDP2040608020102015202085106710681167111071210912141312161211171314171314242023231822241718231618231718AfricaAsia and OceaniaLatin America andthe CaribbeanSource: UNCTAD Secretariat calculations based on IMF World Economic Outlook (April 2025).Note: A benchmark of 60% is used by the IMF as one of its indicators to assess debt burdens in emerging markets. 9The weight of external public debt.2@AdobeStock 10The weight of external public debt declined recently, but remains high.Source: UNCTAD Secretariat calculations based on World Bank International Debt Statistics and IMF World Economic Outlook (April 2025).Notes: External public debt refers to external Public and Publicly Guaranteed (PPG) debt. Exports include exports of goods, services and primary income receipts. The median represents the value that lies at the midpoint of the data distribution.Median for developing countries