联合国西亚经济社会委员会-埃及发展状况：全球比较分析政策简报（英）

E/ESCWA/CL6.GCP/2025/TP.1/Policy briefThe State of Development in EgyptA Global Comparative AnalysisExecutive SummaryThis policy brief is based on a joint report, between the Institute of National Planning (INP) and the United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia (ESCWA) which evaluates Egypt’s development trajectory using the Global Development Index (GDI), a new composite measure developed by ESCWA. The index evaluates countries across three key dimensions: quality-adjusted human development, environmental sustainability, and governance. It draws on comparative data from a broad sample of countries to generate dynamic insights and policy-oriented conclusions. Despite some progress since the early 2000s, Egypt remains at a low level of development achievements. Among the three dimensions, governance emerges as the area in greatest need of improvement.A set of policy recommendations is presented and grouped under three overarching priorities: strengthening government effectiveness, improving water and food security, and building economic resilience. Enhancing governance in Egypt will require a rethinking of the State’s role and far-reaching reform of public institutions. Ensuring water and food security calls for innovative solutions that harness technology to address the pressures of urbanization, population growth, and climate change. As for economic resilience, a key issue is the weak pass-through of national economic growth to household income. Addressing this will require a shift toward structural transformation and support for industries that can generate decent and sustainable employment opportunities.2Key MessagesDespite improvements since 2000, Egypt has a low level of development achievements, ranking 125th out of 160 countries globally on the Global Development Index (GDI). The relatively low ranking on the GDI compared to the Human Development Index (HDI) is primarily due to low achievements in the governance dimension.Within governance, both democratic governance and government effectiveness contribute equal shares to the Governance Index (GI), but the gap between Egypt and the rest of the world has deteriorated more significantly for the latter. Figure 1. GDI scores for 2000, 2010 and 2023Figure 2. GDI score categories36%37%39%36%38%39%28%30%35%31%33%36%36%36%36%32%34%35%39%37%36%37%35%35%28%27%25%31%28%26%33%32%29%33%32%29%0.4660.5030.5080.4750.5040.5130.4920.5200.5410.5470.5740.5960.0000.1000.2000.3000.4000.5000.6000.7000.800200020102023200020102023Arab regionEgyptLower-middleincome countriesWorld200020102023200020102023 (120)(125)(123) Environmental Sustainability IndexQuality-adjusted Human Development IndexGovernance Index0.4500.550.70.81Very lowMediumHighVery highLowSource: ESCWA calculations.Source: ESCWA calculations.350%51%54%48%50%49%59%59%59%58%58%51%50%49%46%52%50%51%41%41%41%42%42%49%0.3890.4150.3830.445(108)0.430(116)0.397(125)0.4930.5050.4720.5330.5430.5170.0000.1000.2000.3000.4000.5000.600200