欧盟对土耳其的政策和与美国合作的途径：保护日益缩小的民主空间，维护多边原则（英）

E-PAPEREU Policies toward Turkey and Avenues for Cooperation with the U.S.: Protecting Shrinking Democratic Spaces, Safeguarding Multilateral PrinciplesBY SINEM ADARpublished by Heinrich Böll Foundation, July 2021About the AuthorSinem Adar is an Associate at the Center for Applied Turkey Studies of the German Insti-tute for International and Security Affairs (SWP). Dr. Adar focuses on Turkish domestic politics and foreign policy, and EU-Turkey relations. Before joining SWP, Dr. Adar was an Einstein Fellow at Humboldt University. She holds a Doctorate degree in Sociology from Brown University and a Master of Science in Development Studies from the London School of Economics. ContentsWhere to locate Turkey in renewed transatlantic cooperation? 5The EU’s declining normative leverage over Turkey 7Areas of cooperation and conflict in EU–Turkey relations 11Reconciling democratic principles with interests: avenues for EU–U.S. coordination of Turkey policies 13Responding to the domestic situation in Turkey 14Safeguarding international law and multilateral frameworks 15Beyond Turkey: reforming multinational organizations 16A democratic Turkey is in the self-interest of the EU and the U.S. 17About the Author 4/ 18EU Policies toward Turkey and Avenues for Cooperation with the U.S.: Protecting Shrinking Democratic Spaces, Safeguarding Multilateral PrinciplesAgainst the backdrop of the increasingly marginalized role that the EU accession frame-work and democratic conditionality play in EU–Turkey relations, the Biden adminis-tration’s pronounced focus on “defending” and “revitalizing” democracy “at home and abroad”1 offers an opportunity for coordination between the U.S. and the European Union (EU) to effectively respond to Turkey’s democratic backsliding. The contours and content of such coordination will inevitably be shaped partly by existing EU and U.S. instruments and partly by the extent of prospective EU and U.S. security cooperation with Turkey.The deterioration of the rule of law and violations of human rights in Turkey — as well as the country’s departure from its multilateral commitments — are closely connected. Nevertheless, it is imperative that the EU and the U.S. distinguish between the two to better coordinate their Turkey policies. Neither the EU nor the U.S. can force Turkey into democratic reforms, but together they can help protect the already “shrinking democratic spaces”2 in the country. When it comes to the violation of international law and multi-lateral commitments, the EU and the U.S. should set clear red lines and raise the costs of unilateralism. While at the same time, they should also jointly work toward deepening multilateral ties with Turkey.1 The White House, “Interim National Security Strategy Guidance”, March 2021, https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/NSC-1v2.pdf.2 On the concept of “shrinking democratic spaces”, see e.g. Asa Elden and Paul. T. Levin, “Swedish Aid in the Era of Shrinking Democratic