世界银行-妇女的流动性和劳动力供应：来自巴基斯坦的实验证据（英）

Policy Research Working Paper11256Women’s Mobility and Labor SupplyExperimental Evidence from PakistanRobert GarlickErica FieldKate VybornySouth Asia RegionGender Innovation LabNovember 2025 Public Disclosure AuthorizedPublic Disclosure AuthorizedPublic Disclosure AuthorizedPublic Disclosure AuthorizedProduced by the Research Support TeamAbstractThe Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues. An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly, even if the presentations are less than fully polished. The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors. They do not necessarily represent the views of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/World Bank and its affiliated organizations, or those of the Executive Directors of the World Bank or the governments they represent.Policy Research Working Paper 11256This paper studies whether commuting barriers constrain women’s labor supply in urban Pakistan. This study ran-domized offers of gender-segregated or mixed-gender commuting services at varying prices. Women-only transport more than doubled job application rates, while mixed-gender transport had minimal effects on men’s and women’s application rates. Women valued the women-only service more than large price discounts for the mixed-gender service. The results are similar for baseline labor force par-ticipants and non-participants, suggesting there are many “latent jobseekers’’ close to the margin of participation. These findings highlight the importance of safety and pro-priety concerns in women’s labor decisions.This paper is a product of the Gender Innovation Lab, South Asia Region. It is part of a larger effort by the World Bank to provide open access to its research and make a contribution to development policy discussions around the world. Policy Research Working Papers are also posted on the Web at http://www.worldbank.org/prwp. The authors may be contacted at kvyborny@worldbank.org. Women’s Mobility and Labor SupplyExperimental Evidence from Pakistan*Robert Garlick ⃝r Erica Field ⃝r Kate Vyborny ⃝r †Keywords: transport, mobility, gender, female labor force participationJEL codes: J16, J22, J28, L91*This study was approved by Duke IRB protocol number 2018-0526. Analysis was pre-registered withthe AEA registry (AEARCTR-0002410). We are grateful for useful feedback from participants in workshopsat American Economic Association, Asian Development Bank, Duke, Harvard, IDRC-Urban Institute, IZA,Lahore School of Economics, NBER gender group, Nottingham, and the World Bank. Leonor Castro, AimanFarrukh, and Sahil Nisar provided outstanding research assistance in the preparation of this draft. We thankFizzah Sajjad, Syed Uzair Junaid, Alieha Shahid, Huzaifa Akhtar, Noor Anwar Ali, Harmalah Khan, LalaRu