未来能源研究所-清洁炼钢：向低碳未来过渡（英）

Clean Steelmaking: Transitioning to a Low-Carbon FutureJhih-Shyang Shih, Ethan Ziegler, Alan Krupnick, Marc Hafstead, and Aaron Bergman Working Paper 25-23 October 2025Resources for the FutureiAbout the Authors Jhih-Shyang Shih is a fellow at Resources for the Future (RFF). He has extensive experience in energy and environmental modeling. His research focuses on integrated system analysis of environmental and resource policy and decisionmaking. His work has been published in leading journals, including PNAS, Environmental Science & Technology, the Review of Economics and Statistics, and the European Journal of Operational Research.Ethan Ziegler is a research analyst at RFF, where he works on E4ST. He previously studied economics and environmental science at American University, where he conducted optimization modeling research on the effects of food waste.Alan Krupnick is an RFF senior fellow and director of the Industry and Fuels Program. Krupnick is an expert on the oil and gas sector, reducing greenhouse gas emissions from this and the industrial sectors, and cost-benefit analysis. In particular, Krupnick’s recent research focuses on green public procurement, decarbonized hydrogen and tax credits, and developing markets for green natural gas. His portfolio also includes guiding the value of information agenda covered by our VALUABLES initiative with NASA, the valuation of reducing asthma risks, estimating the value of statistical life, and issues of regulatory reform.Marc Hafstead is an RFF fellow and director of the Carbon Pricing Initiative and the Climate Finance and Financial Risk Initiative. His research has primarily focused on the evaluation and design of federal and state-level climate and energy policies using sophisticated multi-sector models of the US economy. With Stanford Professor and RFF University Fellow Lawrence H. Goulder, he wrote Confronting the Climate Challenge: US Policy Options (Columbia University Press) to evaluate the environmental and economic impacts of federal carbon taxes, cap-and-trade programs, clean energy standards, and gasoline. His research has also analyzed the distributional and employment impacts of carbon pricing and the design of tax adjustment mechanisms to reduce the emissions uncertainty of carbon tax policies.Aaron Bergman is a fellow at RFF. Prior to joining RFF, he was the Lead for Macroeconomics and Emissions at the Energy Information Administration (EIA), managing EIA’s modeling in those areas. Before working at EIA, Bergman spent almost a decade in the policy office at the Department of Energy, working on a broad array of climate and environmental policies. Bergman has worked in the White House at the Office of Science and Technology Policy, managing the Quadrennial Energy Review and handling the methane measurement portfolio, and at the Council on Environmental Quality, working on carbon regulation. Bergman entered the federal government in 2009 as a Science and Technology Policy Fellow with