世界银行-全球性别扭曲指数（GGDI）（英）

Policy Research Working Paper11184The Global Gender Distortions Index (GGDI)Penny GoldbergCharles Gottlieb Somik LallMeet MehtaMichael PetersAishwarya Lakshmi RatanDevelopment EconomicsDevelopment Policy TeamAugust 2025 Public Disclosure AuthorizedPublic Disclosure AuthorizedPublic Disclosure AuthorizedPublic Disclosure AuthorizedProduced by the Research Support TeamAbstractThe Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues. An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly, even if the presentations are less than fully polished. The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors. They do not necessarily represent the views of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/World Bank and its affiliated organizations, or those of the Executive Directors of the World Bank or the governments they represent.Policy Research Working Paper 11184The extent to which women participate in the labor market varies greatly across the globe. If such differences reflect distortions that women face in accessing good jobs, they can reduce economic activity through a misallocation of talent. This paper builds on Hsieh et al. (2019) to provide a methodology to quantify these productivity consequences. The index proposed, the “Global Gender Distortions Index (GGDI)”, measures the losses in aggregate productivity that gender-based misallocation imposes. The index allows for separate identification of labor demand distortions (e.g., discrimination in hiring for formal jobs) from labor supply distortions (e.g., frictions that discourage women’s labor force participation) and can be computed using data on labor income and job types. The methodology also high-lights an important distinction between welfare-relevant misallocation and the consequences on aggregate GDP if misallocation arises between market work and non-market activities. To showcase the versatility of the index, the anal-ysis examines gender misallocation within countries over time, across countries over the development spectrum, and across local labor markets within countries. The findings indicate that misallocation is substantial and that demand distortions account for most of the productivity losses.This paper is a product of the Development Policy Team, Development Economics. It is part of a larger effort by the World Bank to provide open access to its research and make a contribution to development policy discussions around the world. Policy Research Working Papers are also posted on the Web at http://www.worldbank.org/prwp. The authors may be contacted at penny.goldberg@yale.edu, charles.gottlieb@unige.ch, slall1@worldbank.org, meet.mehta@yale.edu, m.peters@yale.edu, and aishwarya.ratan@yale.edu.The Global Gender Distortions Index (GGDI)*Penny Goldberg†,Cha