新经济思想研究所-人工智能、反垄断和隐私(英)

AI, Antitrust & Privacy Maurice E. Stucke† Working Paper No. 236 June 25th, 2025 ABSTRACT Generative artificial intelligence (AI) is reshaping how companies profile individuals, create and target ads, and influence behavior—often in ways that undermine privacy, autonomy, and democracy. This article explores a critical but overlooked question: how AI affects the relationship between competition and privacy. Increased competition in the AI supply chain may seem like a solution to Big Tech’s dominance, but when firms are rewarded for surveillance and manipulation, more competition can actually make things worse. Drawing on recent market trends and twenty state privacy laws, the Article shows how the existing legal frameworks—even those designed to protect privacy—fall short and may unintentionally entrench the power of few data-opolies. It argues that privacy and competition must be addressed together, not in silos, and offers specific legislative reforms to help align business incentives with public interests. Without stronger guardrails, AI risks accelerating a race to the bottom—fueled not only by powerful technologies, but by well-intentioned, but flawed policies. https://doi.org/10.36687/inetwp236 JEL codes: K21, K24, L40, L41, L50, O33 Keywords: Antitrust, privacy, monopolies, data, artificial intelligence † Douglas A. Blaze Distinguished Professor of Law, University of Tennessee Winston College of Law. Ineteconomics.org | facebook.com/ineteconomics 60 E 42nd St, Ste 450, New York, NY 10165 2 INTRODUCTION How will generative artificial intelligence (hereinafter AI) likely impact your life in 2040?1 When asked this question in 2023, most Americans and AI experts were negative on many parameters (with the AI experts especially negative): • 79% of the AI experts expected AI to harm personal privacy (which was higher than the two-thirds of polled Americans who expressed that); • 54% of AI experts expected AI to harm basic human rights (versus 41% of the polled Americans); • 67% of AI experts expected AI to harm politics and elections (versus 51% of the polled Americans); and • 52% of AI experts expected AI to worsen the level of civility in society (versus 40% of the polled Americans).2 Notably absent from that survey was AI’s impact on competition. In parallel with the debate over AI’s broader effects, antitrust scholars and enforcers are debating how the emerging AI foundation model supply chain may evolve and whether the technology may entrench the market power of a few firms. Competition authorities are concerned about the increasing concentration in this emerging supply chain. In particular, the digital economy has several factors and characteristics that can lead to concentrated markets. Are there similar factors in the emerging AI foundation model supply chain that will lead to “winner-take-most-or-all”? Could AI herald new business models and innovations that disrupt the

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