世界银行-撒哈拉以南非洲妇女的土地权：我们在实践中处于什么地位？（英）

Women's Land Rights in Sub-Saharan Africa:Where do we Stand in Practice?Daniela M. Behr*, Héloïse Groussard*, Viktoria Khaitina*, and Liang Shen* his Brief examines the challenges in implementing laws protecting women’s land rights in Sub-Saharan Africa. While some progress has been made in enacting legal protections, remaining discriminatory legislation, weak enforcement mechanisms, and conficting rules and norms—notably, those embedded in customary land tenure practices—continue to limit women’s rights to land in practice, perpetuating gender inequalities. Te Brief draws on pilot data from the World Bank Group’s Women, Business and the Law project to assess the frameworks in place to support the implementation of laws related to owning and controlling land. It highlights the discrepancy between legal provisions and their implementation. Detailed examples from two countries, Ethiopia and Nigeria, that exhibit some of the largest implementation gaps in Sub-Saharan Africa, highlight the signifcance of proper implementation. Tis Brief contributes to understanding the complex nexus of land rights in Sub-Saharan Africa and outlines ways to improve implementation, so that laws can have a greater impact on protecting women’s rights to land in practice. Also, this Brief discusses the need for concerted eforts to narrow the implementation gap in fragile and confict-afected settings where land tenure insecurity has the potential to perpetuate fragility and confict.TLand tenure security is a key enabler for women’s empowerment Land plays an especially important role in women’s socioeconomic development and empowerment in Sub-Saharan Africa. Owning and controlling assets, including land, has important bearings for economic mobility, bargaining power within the household, and household resilience (Doss, Kieran, and Kilic 2020; Kilic, Moylan, and Koolwal 2020). Further, secure land rights for women can provide a pathway to women’s empowerment and agency and can advance economic prosperity and human development of future generations (Jayachandran 2015). Despite these benefts, women own and control substantially less land than men (Doss et al. 2018). Te gap is largest for sole ownership: only 13 percent of women in Sub-Saharan Africa claim sole ownership, compared to 36 percent of men, according to a recent study by the World Bank (Gaddis, Lahoti, and Li 2018). Tis gap narrows when joint ownership is considered, but even then, it remains signifcant: 38 percent of women in Sub-Saharan African report owning any land (alone or jointly), compared to 51 percent of men (Gaddis, Lahoti, and Li 2018). In Sub-Saharan Africa, land rights are embedded in a complex, interwoven web of rights that may overlap, complement, reinforce, or even confict with one another. Family codes and personal status laws, which govern legal procedures pertaining to familial relations and inheritance, also play a crucial role in regulating land rights because they defne fundamental rules rel