世界银行-印尼人力资本的有毒威胁：印尼家庭中含铅油漆的流行和影响（英）

Policy Research Working Paper10962A Toxic Threat to Indonesia’s Human CapitalPrevalence and Impact of Lead Paint in Indonesian HomesWilliam Seitz Imam Setiawan Poverty and Equity Global Practice October 2024 Public Disclosure AuthorizedPublic Disclosure AuthorizedPublic Disclosure AuthorizedPublic Disclosure AuthorizedProduced by the Research Support TeamAbstractThe Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues. An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly, even if the presentations are less than fully polished. The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors. They do not necessarily represent the views of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/World Bank and its affiliated organizations, or those of the Executive Directors of the World Bank or the governments they represent.Policy Research Working Paper 10962About 27,000 Indonesians died of lead poisoning in 2019. Where mandatory lead-free standards are absent, as is the case in Indonesia, lead paint is among the most common sources of poisoning. Tests for lead in interior paint con-ducted in a nationally representative sample of households in December 2023 found that at least 44.8 percent of Indonesians live in homes with lead paint, rising to at least 57.9 percent among those living in homes with any visible interior paint. Indonesian children are more often at risk than adults, with about 46 percent aged five or younger—about 10.2 million children—living in homes with lead paint. Deteriorating lead paint puts 14.1 percent of chil-dren aged five or younger at risk of more severe exposure, with the poorest 40 percent of Indonesians more than twice as likely to report deteriorating lead paint. Calibrating the Integrated Exposure Uptake Biokinetic Model for Lead in Children model to these estimates suggests that lead paint exposure alone may push 21 percent of children aged five or younger over the 5 micrograms per deciliter blood lead threshold, equivalent to 55 percent of Indonesia’s total estimated cases among children in the Global Burden of Disease database. New lead paint continues to accumulate in the environment: tests conducted on the most popular paint varieties on the market found that 77 percent con-tained unsafe levels of lead. The results show that poisoning risks from lead paint are high and widespread in Indonesia, and that lead contaminated paint supply chains remain dominant.This paper is a product of the Poverty and Equity Global Practice. It is part of a larger effort by the World Bank to provide open access to its research and make a contribution to development policy discussions around the world. Policy Research Working Papers are also posted on the Web at http://www.worldbank.org/prwp. The authors may be contacted