世界银行-基于平台的工作监管：发展中国家的最新监管举措和见解（英）

The regulation of platform-based work:Maho HatayamaDagmara Maj-SwistakRecent regulatory initiatives and insights for developing countriesPublic Disclosure AuthorizedPublic Disclosure AuthorizedPublic Disclosure AuthorizedPublic Disclosure AuthorizedTable of ContentsExecutive Summary 61. Introduction 82. How are labor regulations adapted to protect platform-based work? 113. What can we learn from specific regulatory attempts? 14 3.1. Classifying employment status for platform-based work 14 3.2. Improving working conditions 19 Wages/Remuneration 19 Working time 22 Protection against unfair dismissal and adverse treatment 24 Freedom of association and right to collective bargaining 26 3.3. Special provisions to protect platform workers 284. Enforcement and compliance 315. Conclusion 34References 37Annex 1: The list of countries examined 44Annex 2: Fundamental principles and rights at work 44Annex 3: Relevant international standards 45Annex 4: Number of laws/bills by types of platform workers and number of jurisdictions by scope of provisions 46Annex 5: Country examples for the definition of platform workers 47Annex 6: Terminology 48List of FiguresFigure 1: Common challenges faced by platform workers 9Figure 2: Types of approaches to regulate platform workers among countries examined 12Figure 3: Countries with regulatory reforms by region 12Figure 4: Number of reforms by year 12Figure 5: Scope of provisions related to employment relationship 15Figure 6: Scope of provisions related to decent wages for platform workers 20Figure 7: Additional aspects included in the wage regulations 21Figure 8: The definition of working hours 22Figure 9: Scope of provisions related to working hours 23Figure 10: Scope of regulations related to protection against unfair dismissal 25Figure 11: Scope of provisions related to freedom of association and the right to collective bargaining 27Figure 12: Scope of regulations 28Figure 13: Challenges for enforcement of the labor law for platform workers 32Figure 14: Measures to increase compliance 32Figure 4.1: Number of laws/bills by types of platform workers 46Figure 4.2: Number of jurisdictions by scope of provisions 46List of TablesTable 1: Scope of provisions by area of regulations 13Table 2: Maximum working hours by country 24Table 3: Country examples - areas beyond traditional labor laws 29List of BoxesBox 1: Methodology 10Box 2: The role of judicial rulings in defining the employment status of platform workers 17Box 3: Transport regulations for ride-hailing workers 18Box 4: Platform companies’ initiatives for decent pay 21Box 5: Soft-law initiatives pertaining to working time 23Box 6: Obstacles to unionizing and collectively negotiating 26Box 7: Collective actions in developing countries leading to better working conditions 28Box 8: Platform cooperative - innovation in platform business models 354The regulation of platform-based work:Recent regulatory initiatives and insights for developing countriesAcronymsBLS Burea