中国履行加入世贸组织承诺情况报告（英文）

2018 Report to Congress On China’s WTO Compliance United States Trade Representative February 2019 22001188 RReeppoorrtt ttoo CCoonnggrreessss OOnn CChhiinnaa’’ss WWTTOO CCoommpplliiaannccee UUnniitteedd SSttaatteess TTrraaddee RReepprreesseennttaattiivvee FFeebbrruuaarryy 22001199 2018 USTR Report to Congress on China’s WTO Compliance TTAABBLLEE OOFF CCOONNTTEENNTTSS FOREWORD ……………………………………………………………………………………..………………………………………….. 1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ………………………………………………………………………….……………………………………… 2 PART 1: U.S. ASSESSMENT OF CHINA’S WTO MEMBERSHIP OVERVIEW …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..……. 5 EXPECTATIONS OF WTO MEMBERSHIP ……….……………………………………………………………………………………… 7 CHINA’S RECORD OF COMPLIANCE WITH WTO RULES ………………………………………………………………………… 8 CHINA’S RECORD IN TERMS OF ITS TRANSITION TO A MARKET ECONOMY ………………………………….……… 11 China’s Non-market Economic System ………………………………………………………………………………….……… 11 China’s State-led, Mercantilist Approach to Trade ..……………………………………………………………..………. 15 COSTS OF CHINA’S ECONOMIC SYSTEM TO WTO MEMBERS …………………………………………..…………………… 17 Forced Technology Transfer……………………………………………………………………………………………….……….… 17 Excess Capacity …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…..… 18 Distorted Markets …………………………………………………………………………………………………………….……… 19 BENEFITS OF WTO MEMBERSHIP TO CHINA ………………………………………………………………………………………… 19 U.S. EFFORTS TO ADDRESS TRADE DISTORTIONS CAUSED BY CHINA ……………………………………..…….……… 20 Bilateral Engagement ………….…………………………………………………………………………………………….……….… 20 WTO Dispute Settlement ………………………………………………………………………………………………….……….… 23 New WTO Rules ……………….……………………………………………………………………………………………….……….… 23 Effective Strategies ……………….………………………………………………………………………………………….……….… 25 PART 2: DETAILED ANALYSIS OF CHINA’S TRADE REGIME CHINA’S WTO ACCESSION …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 27 SUMMARY OF KEY CONCERNS ………….……………………………….…………………………………………………………..…… 29 Industrial Policies ……….……………………………………………………………….………………………………..………… 29 Intellectual Property Rights ………………………………………………………….………………………….………..……… 37 Services …….………………………………………………………………………………..….……………………………………………… 40 Agriculture ………………………………………………………………………………..….……………………………………………… 45 Transparency ………………………………………………………………………..….……………………………………………… 47 OVERVIEW OF U.S. ENGAGEMENT …………………………………………………………...………………………………………… 50 Bilateral Engagement ………………………………………………………………….………………………………..………… 50 Multilateral Meetings ………………………………………………………………….…………………………………..……… 52 Enforcement ………………………………………………………………………………..….……………………………………………… 52 CHINA’S WTO COMPLIANCE …..………………………………………………………………….……………………..……… 57 TRADING RIGHTS ……………....……………………………………………………….………………………………………………….……… 57 IMPORT REGULATION ………………………………………………………………….…………………………………..……… 58 Tariffs ………………………………………………………………….…………………………………..……… 58 Customs and Trade Administration