麻省理工+数字经济学与人工智能（演讲PPT）-英

Digital Economics and AI: Introduction to the PhD TutorialAvi GoldfarbUniversity of Toronto and NBER Catherine Tucker MIT and NBERSeptember 202312Key topics• Understanding changes in market structure and market conduct• Rethinking the design of copyright• Redesigning incentives for innovation and creativity• The economics of the commons• The economics of privacy• Measuring digitization with an eye towards open policy issues• The absence of analysis untied to stakeholders3456787 grants since the beginning910https://www.nber.org/conferences/digitization-tutorial-spring-2021Now also:https://www.nber.org/conferences/digitization-tutorial-spring-2022https://www.nber.org/conferences/digitization-tutorial-spring-202311Separately, since 2017, NBER Economics of A.I. initiative12Conference volume:Agrawal, Gans, and Goldfarb eds. The Economics of Artificial Intelligence: An Agenda.University of Chicago Press1415This structure has just changed! 1617AI and digital economics were increasingly covering the same topics• Platforms• Privacy• Discrimination and bias• Jobs and inequality• Copyright and intellectual property• Surveillance• Etc. 18Definitions• Digital technology is the representation of information in bits.• This has reduced the cost of storage, computation, and transmission of data.• Digital economics examines whether and how digital technology changes markets.21Organizing the literature2223Five distinct changesThe literature has emphasized five distinct changes:1.Low search costs for information.2.Zero marginal costs of production of information.3.Low cost of transportation of information.4.Low cost of tracking behavior.5.Low cost of verification of information.241. Low cost of search25If the internet lowered search costs…• Internet technology should reduce prices•Life insurance: Brown and Goolsbee (2002)•Books and CDs: Brynjolfsson and Smith (2000)• Internet technology should lower price dispersion•It might have: Brynjolfsson and Smith (2000) •It is still substantial: Baye, Morgan, and Scholten (2004)• Internet technology should reduce unemployment and vacancies•Mixed evidence: Autor (2001), Kuhn and Skuterud (2004), Stevenson (2008), Kuhn and Mansoor (2014)• The types of products offered should change•Theory: Bar Isaac, Caruana, and Cunat (2012)•Long tail: Brynjolfsson, Hu, and Simester (2009), Fleder and Hosanagar (2009)• The search algorithm should matter•Easy quality search reduces price sensitivity: Lynch and Ariely (2000)•Manipulation of the search process to raise margins: Ellison and Ellison (2009), Hossain and Morgan (2006).•The search algorithm affects matching: Hitsch, Hortacsu, and Ariely (2010)262. Zero MC of production27Economics with zero MC• Old ideas became interesting again!• Copyright (and piracy)• Media revenues fall (Waldfogel, Smith/Telang, Zentner).• In the static model, piracy is good for welfare (Waldfogel). • Production costs fall so media quality and variety may be rising (Waldfogel).• Public goods• Open source and Wikipe